Zuzana Čaplová

Zuzana Čaplová

UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE BIOMEDICHE PER LA SALUTE Dottorato Di Ricerca in Ricerca Biomedica Integrata XXX Ciclo Coordinatore Prof. Chiarella Sforza MORPHOLOGY OF THE FACE AS A POSTMORTEM PERSONAL IDENTIFIER PhD Thesis Zuzana Čaplová Matricola R11104 Tutor: Prof. Chiarella Sforza Co-Tutor: Prof. Cristina Cattaneo and Assoc.Prof. PeaDr. RNDr. Stanislav Katina, Ph.D. Anno Accademico 2016-2017 Acknowledgment I would like to thank all of you who accompanied me on this journey. Thank you for you care, love and support, thank you for brightening my rainy days and for making me smile. Especially, I would like to thank to Professor Cristina Cattaneo and Professor Chiarella Sforza for their enthusiasm, drive, and professionality. Together they have supported me and led me through the last years to become a better researcher and better person. Special acknowledgment belongs to Assoc.Prof. PeaDr. RNDr. Stanislav Katina, Ph.D. for warm welcome and help during my period in Brno. My work would not be possible without the support of all from LABANOF - Davide, Francesca, Annalisa, Danilo, and Debora. Very special thank you belongs to Dr. Pasquale Poppa for his never-ending support and believing in me. Similarly, to Dr. Daniele M. Gibelli for his professional inputs. Great THANK YOU is for you, Dr. Zuzana Obertova, for being my professional role model, my friend and my kind of person. Thank you, Lucie Biehler Gomez, for all the moments we have spent together and all the discussions. I wish you a great success! I would also like to thank colleagues from the doctoral program, especially Elisa Castoldi and Valentina Pucciarelli. Last but not least, I would like to thank all my friends and family in Slovakia for listening all my complaints and happy stories, and for their eternal support. And mostly, thank you, Anton, for giving up a lot to be with me in the last years. Thank you. Ďakujem. INDEX INDEX ............................................................................................................................... 1 List of abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 4 Landmark definitions ........................................................................................................ 5 List of full-text publications ............................................................................................... 6 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 7 Outline of thesis ............................................................................................................... 8 Aim of the thesis............................................................................................................................. 9 1. Forensic identification of the deceased .................................................................... 11 1.1. Disaster Victim Identification ............................................................................................. 13 1.2. Primary and secondary means of identification .................................................................. 15 1.3. Other possibilities of identification .................................................................................... 21 1.3.1. Visual identification of deceased ........................................................................................ 26 1.3.1.1. Human ability to recognize faces .................................................................................... 31 1.3.1.2. Reliability of facial recognition of deceased persons on photographs ........................... 36 Material and methods ..................................................................................................................... 38 Results ............................................................................................................................................. 40 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 43 1.3.1.3. Limitations of use of images of the deceased ................................................................. 45 1.3.1.3.1. Quantitative analysis of early decomposition changes ............................................... 46 Material and methods ................................................................................................................. 47 Results and discussion ................................................................................................................. 48 1.3.2. Identification based on specific facial/body areas .............................................................. 54 1.3.3. Biometrics ............................................................................................................................ 55 1.3.4. AM/PM dental superimposition .......................................................................................... 58 1.4. Chapter summary .............................................................................................................. 61 2. Forensic identification of living ................................................................................. 62 2.1. Identification methods ...................................................................................................... 63 2.1.1. Eyewitness identification..................................................................................................... 64 1 2.1.2. Specific facial parts .............................................................................................................. 65 2.1.3. Morphological and metrical comparison ............................................................................ 67 2.1.3.1. Morphological Atlas ..................................................................................................... 67 Material and methods ................................................................................................................. 68 Results ......................................................................................................................................... 70 2.1.3.2. Photo-anthropometry and superimposition ............................................................... 75 2.1.3.3. Comparison of 2D images ............................................................................................ 78 2.1.3.4. Comparison of 3D images ............................................................................................ 83 2.1.3.5. Comparison of 2D and 3D images ............................................................................... 90 2.2. Changes in facial morphology........................................................................................... 105 2.2.1. Age-related changes of adult face ..................................................................................... 106 2.2.1.1. Extrinsic ageing .......................................................................................................... 107 2.2.1.2. Intrinsic ageing .......................................................................................................... 107 2.2.2. Moles on age-different images of children ....................................................................... 110 Materials and methods ................................................................................................................. 110 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 113 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 116 2.3. Chapter summary ............................................................................................................ 118 3. Three-dimensional scanning of the faces of the deceased ........................................ 119 3.1. Data collection ................................................................................................................ 120 3.2. Shape index ..................................................................................................................... 124 Restrictions ........................................................................................................................................ 126 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 129 3.3. Landmarking ................................................................................................................... 130 Landmarking Quality Control ............................................................................................................ 132 Quality Control – results .................................................................................................................... 133 Repeated Landmarking...................................................................................................................... 134 Repeated Landmarking Quality Control ............................................................................................ 134 Repeated Quality Control – results ................................................................................................... 135 3.4. Assessment

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