Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05544-5 - The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History Bernard Spolsky Index More information Index Abu El-Haj, Nadia, 178 Alliance Israélite Universelle, 128, 195, 197, Afrikaans, 15, 243 238, 239, 242, 256 learned by Jews, 229 Almohads, 115 Afrikaaners forced conversions, 115 attitude to Jews, 229 Granada, 139 Afro-Asiatic persecution, 115, 135, 138 language family, 23 alphabet Agudath Israel, 252 Hebrew, 30 Yiddish, 209 Alsace, 144 Ahaz, 26, 27 became French, 196 Akkadian, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 36, 37, expulsion, 125 39, 52 Alsace and Lorraine borrowings, 60 Jews from East, 196 Aksum, 91 al-Yahūdiyya, 85 al-Andalus, 105, 132, 133 Amarna, 19 emigration, 135 American English Jews a minority, 133 Yiddish influence, 225 Jews’ languages, 133 Amharic, 5, 8, 9, 90, 92 languages, 136 Amoraim, 60 Aleppo, 102 Amsterdam emigration, 225 Jewish publishing, 169 Jewish Diasporas, 243 Jewish settlement, 198 Jewish settlement, 243 multilingualism, 31 Alexander the Great, 46 Anglo-Israelite beliefs, 93 Alexandria, 47, 59, 103 anti-language, 44 Hebrew continuity, 48 Antiochus, 47, 56 Jews, 103 Antipas, 119 Alfonso X, 137 Antwerp Algeria, 115 Anusim, 199 consistories, 236 multilingualism, 199 emigration, 197, 236, 237 Yiddish maintained, 199 French rule, 234 Antwerpian Brabantic, 18 French schools, 236 Anusim, 132, 139, 232 Jews acquire French, 236 Algeria, 115 Vichy policy, 236 Belgium, 199 342 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05544-5 - The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History Bernard Spolsky Index More information Index 343 emigration, 135 replaces Hebrew, 29, 30, 32, 35, 39, 40, 44, in Brazil, 231 53, 60 in Corfu, 165 script, 29, 44 in England, 193 spread, 33 in France, 195 status, 66 in Morocco, 237 Targumim, 67 in Netherlands, 193, 198 varieties, 60, 61 in Salonika, 161 vernacular, 52 in Venice, 167 Archelaus, 119 in Yavan, 160 archisynagogos, 59, 70, 173 Inquisition, 138, 164 Argentina, 230 London, 218 Jewish colonization association, 231 Mexico, 232 Jewish population, 230 multilingualism, 129 Russian Jews, 203 Apocrypha, 22 Spanish replaces Yiddish, 231 Apulian, 165 Arles, 121 Arab historians Jewish remains, 119 as source, 84 Armenian, 4, 11 Arabia Arta, 161 conversions, 83 Ashanti, 93 Jewish settlement, 83 Ashdodese, 30, 39, 40 Jewish tribes, 83, 85 Ashkenaz, 46, 118, 120, 122, Arabic 144, 146 adopted by Jews, 80 contrasted to Yavan, 162 Ancient, 84 language situation, 156 diffused by conquest, 80 Ashkenazim, 4 elite language, 97 Arabic, 254 in Israel, 6 Belgium, 199 in Ottoman Palestine, 253 converts, 178 official in 700 CE, 97 in Denmark, 200 Palestinian, 5, 9, 252 in Egypt, 238 purism, 111 in Hong Kong, 245 replaces Aramaic, 99, 100 in London, 218 replaces Coptic, 111 in Netherlands, 198 Arabicization, 109, 110 in Ottoman Palestine, 251 speed, 111 in Turkey, 242 Arabs, Israeli, 4, 5, 9 in Venice, 167 Aramaic, 11, 22, 23 Assyria, 26, 27, 29 ancient texts, 24 Augustine continuity, 109, 111 and Jews, 119 current varieties, 4 Australia Elephantine, 27 Jewish settlement, 229 eulogies, 66 Austria, 244 for contracts, 28 emancipation, 194 imperial language, 26 languages, 207 in first century, 61 autobiographical account, 216 in Talmud, 67 Avignon Jewish Babylonian, 78 Jewish settlement, 123 language of contracts, 43 Nabatean, 61 Babel oral translation, 41 Tower of, 19 Philistines, 23 Babylon piyyutim,78 Aramaic, 41 Qumran, 48, 60 exile, 28, 29, 40, 75 replaced by Arabic, 67 Babylonian, 26 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05544-5 - The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History Bernard Spolsky Index More information 344 Index Babylonian Talmud, 75 medieval kingdom, 91 Baghdad, 106 origins, 91 caliphate, 134 recognized as Jews, 92 Baghdadi Jews Bevis Marks synagogue, 218 in India, 246 Béziers, 121 Bar Kokhba archive, 48, 53 Bible Bar Kokhba revolt, 43, 54, 55, 63, 64, archeological evidence, 22 68, 81 as source, 84 Bar Kokhba, Simon, 81 dating, 20, 25, 36, 38 Bar-Asher, Moshe, 54, 60 Ge’ez, 36 Barcelona, 136 Gothic, 130 disputation, 137 Judeo-Arabic, 114 Jewish scholarship, 136 Judeo-Persian, 107 Jews, 139 Judeo-Tajik, 107 Baron, Salo, 151 languages, 36 Baruch ben Isaac, 152 malleability, 56 batei midrash oral transmission, 20 Roman Palestine, 69 Romance translations, 143 Bedouin, 4, 5, 11 translation, 47 soldiers, 97 Yemenite manuscripts, 90 Beit Guvrin, 64 bilingualism Belgium, 199 Hebrew–Aramaic, 60 Holocaust, 199 Bilu, 251, 256 language policy, 14 Birnbaum, Nathan, 209, 252 Belorussia Jewish language names, 144 emigration, 202 Knaanic, 171 expulsions, 201 Birobidzan Yiddish, 205 Yiddish, 205 Yiddish press, 204 Black Death, 118, 149, 150, 187 Ben Sirah, 38 Barcelona, 139 Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer, 257, 260 Saragossa, 140 spoke only Hebrew, 256 Toledo, 139 Zionism, 255 Black Hebrews Bene Ephraim, 246 in Israel, 94 Bene Israel, 245 Black Jews, 92 Bene Menashe, 247 Blau, Joseph, 112 Benjamin of Tudela, 139, 161, 163, Middle Arabic, 87 164 Blois, 124 Arles, 121 Blommaert, Jan, 73, 142 Bari, 164 Blondheim, David, 143 Corfu, 164 blood libel, 203 Fustat, 114 Blois, 124 Khaybar, 87 Cyrene, 160 Lunel, 121 in Spain, 137 Marseiles, 121 Mainz, 149 Narbonne, 120 northern France, 122 Sril Lanka, 247 Norwich, 127 Berbers, 78, 110 Saragossa, 140 Judaized tribes, 115 Speyer, 150 bet midrash, 38 Trani, 164 Beta Israel, 5, 9, 90 Troyes, 124 decline, 92 Bodo, 133, 138 discovery, 92 Bonfil, Robert, 166 in Israel, 8 Book of Enoch, 22 language, 8 Book of Jubilees, 54 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05544-5 - The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History Bernard Spolsky Index More information Index 345 Bordeaux Caucasus, 241 Jewish remains, 119 censuses, 36 Boyarin, Daniel, 64 Champagne, 119 Brazil Charlemagne, 148 Jewish settlement, 231 emperor, 118 Britain owned Jews, 118 Ashkenazi migration, 219 Chazan, Robert, 151 Jewish resettlement, 217 Chile, 232 Royal Commission on Aliens, 219 Chmielnicki massacres, 154 British mandate, 261 Chomsky, William, 25 language policy, 10 Christianity Brook, Kevin, 175 and Jews, 122, 130, 163 Brussels and Judaism, 64, 119 Jewish assimilation, 199 official under Constantine, 103 massacre, 199 Chuadit, 120, 125, 126, 143 Buenos Aires, 231 Cilicia, 59 Bukhara Circassian, 11 Jewish immigration to USA, 224 Clearchus of Soli, 47 Bukhori, 224, 241 Cochin Jews, 246 Bund codices Yiddish, 203 replace scrolls, 99 Burma Cologne, 124 Jews, 247 Jewish settlement, 147 Byzantine Empire, 65, 97 community Byzantium, 65 language and speech, 3 conquest Caesarea, 49, 59 Islamic, 95 Cairo Genizah, 20, 66, 69, 75, 78, 87, consistories 99, 104 in France, 196 Judeo-Arabic, 112 Constantine, 64 letters from merchants, 89 and Jews, 119 Caliphates, 98 persecution of Jews, 114 calque languages, 184 restrictions, 160 Camp Ramah, 225 Constantinople, 75 Canaan conversion to Christianity languages, 19 Berbers, 78 multilingual, 24 German emancipation, 194 multilingualism, 34 conversos. See Anusim population, 22 Cooper, Robert Canaanite, 24 language spread, 32 Canada Coptic, 103 Jewish migration, 226 vernacular, 111 language policy, 14 Cordova, 135, 138 Cantonists, 201 autonomy, 134 Capet dynasty caliphate, 134 and Jews, 120 Corfu Carolingians, 118, 121 Apulian dialect, 165 Carthage, 110 emigration, 161 inscriptions, 114 expulsion, 160 Jewish settlement, 114 ghetto, 165 Jews, 109 Jewish settlement, 164 Cassius Dio, 64 languages, 165 catacombs multilingualism, 165 inscriptions, 163 co-territorial multilingualism, 32 Catalan, 138 Counter-Reformation, 154 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05544-5 - The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History Bernard Spolsky Index More information 346 Index Cracow Diaspora Yeshiva, 173 Greek and Aramaic, 79 Crémieux, Alfred, 236 language loss, 3 Crimea synagogues, 71 Jewish settlement, 175 diglossia, 30, 52, 53, 111 Cromwell, Oliver, 193 definition and examples, 7 crusades Dijon England, 124, 127 Jews, 123 First, 121, 122, 124, 148, 150, 151, 153, Diophysites, 97, 103 160, 171 Disraeli, Benjamin, 218 Second, 148, 149 documentary hypothesis, 56 Second and Third, 124 documentary theory, 36 shepherds, 124 domains Crypto-Jews. See Anusim business, 12 culture areas definition, 7 Jewish, 144 government, 13 cuneiform, 18, 20, 24, 30, 37 Israel, 7 Cush, 80, 91 media, 12 Cyrenaica religion, 11 Jews, 109 schooling, 10 revolt, 81 workplace, 12 Cyrene, 59 Doughty, Charles Montagu, 87 Cyril Druze, 4 pogrom, 114 Dunash ben Labrat, 134 Cyrus, 29, 39 Dutch Czech replaces Yiddish, 199 replaces Yiddish, 209 Yiddish origin, 147 eastern Europe Czechoslovakia, 209 emigration, 217 Czernowitz, 255 nationalist ideologies, 207 congress, 141, 207, 209, 252 Eastern Yiddish, 185 Eck, Werner, 59 Dacia, 171 eduba (scribal schools in Sumeria), 37 Dagestan, 241 education Dagobert Roman Palestine, 69 expelled Jews, 119 Egypt, 102, 135 Damascus affair, 243 caliphate, 134 Danish emigration, 239, 240 replaces Yiddish, 200 exile, 25 Dari, 111 Greek, 47, 97 Darius, 39, 106 Greek and Coptic, 111 Darshanim, 77 Islamic conquest, 95, 102 Dauphin, Claudine, 67 Jewish community divisions, 238 de Vaux, Roland, 57 Jewish community languages, 239 Dead Sea Scrolls, 20, 22, 36, 43, 53, 54, 55, 56 Jewish immigration, 238 Aramaic influence, 43 Egyptian, 52 demotiki, 74 Elephantine, 27 Denmark languages, 52 Sephardim, 200 Elhaik, Eran,