Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Aboubekr Belkaid University – TLEMCEN Faculty of Letters and languages Department of English Diglossic Code-Switching among Students in the Arabic Department –Tlemcen University Dissertation submitted to the Department of English as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master in Language Studies Presented by Supervised by: Miss. Kheira MILOUDI Prof. Zoubir DENDANE Board of Examiners: Dr. Amina BENGUEDDA Examiner University of Tlemcen Prof. Zoubir DENDANE Supervisor University of Tlemcen Dr. Fatma KHERBACHE President University of Tlemcen Academic year 2018 Declaration of Originality I hereby declare that this research is my own work and that it contains no material previously published or accepted for the qualification of any other degree or diploma of a university or any other institution. I also certify that the present work contains no plagiarism and is the result of my own investigation, except where otherwise stated. Miss. Kheira MILOUDI 11/09/2018 Signature I Acknowledgements Although my name stands alone in this dissertation, this research work would never have been completed without the support of some people, so I take great pleasure in this opportunity to thank those who generously provided assistance and advice while I was working on the project. First, I thank ALLAH for helping me in achieving and realizing this work. I would like to take this opportunity to express my plain gratitude to my dutiful supervisor Prof. Zoubir DENDANE whose worthy guidance and insightful comments saved me a number of inaccuracies. Deepest gratitude is also due to the members of the jury, Dr. Fatma KERBACHE and Dr. Amina BENGUEDDA for having time to read and comment my modest dissertation. I am indebted, too, to Dr. Rahmouna ZIDANE whose faithful devotion and illuminating advice have been conductive to this achievement. I am similarly grateful to Dr. Yahya ZEGHOUDI whose advice and support have helped me to accomplish this task. Special thanks also go to all teachers and students of the Arabic language Department in Tlemcen University as they provided me with much–needed feedback and contributed enormously in the empirical part of the study. Finally, I wish to express my gratitude and special thanks to all those who helped me to achieve this work. II Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to My parents, To my dear sisters, brothers and friends. III Abstract The present research work aims at studying and analyzing the phenomenon of code switching by Arabic language learners from Algerian Arabic to Modern Standard Arabic in their daily life discussions. It endeavours to investigate how and why this diglossic situation affects the students‟ way of speaking, i.e., it attempts to discover the motivations and reasons that stand behind this linguistic behaviour. It takes into consideration a random sample including all the learners in the Arabic department at Tlemcen University as a case study. In order to collect data, several research tools were used .These instruments involved a set of questionnaires directed to students and teachers, an interview administered to teachers and an observation inside and outside the classroom. The obtained information were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings show that there are a number of social and psychological factors that lead the students to code switch from high to the low variety inside the Arabic department. Moreover, their field of study and the topic of discussion as well influence the students‟ language discourse .That is why some students tend to use so many MSA words in their daily conversations. Key words: Codes-witching, Modern Standard Arabic, Algerian Arabic, diglossia, social and psychological factors, daily conversation. IV Table of Contents Table Of Contents Declaration of Originality ....................................................................................................................... I Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... II Dedication ............................................................................................................................................... III Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. IV Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... V List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... VII List of Bar Graphs ................................................................................................................................ VII List of Pie Charts .................................................................................................................................. VII List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................................. VIII Arabic Phonetic Symbols: ................................................................................................................... VIII General Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: The Sociolinguistic Situation in Algeria. ..................................................................................... 4 1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.2. Language vs. Dialect ............................................................................................................... 4 1.3. History of the Arabic Language in Algeria ............................................................................... 7 1.4. Some Aspects of language Contact....................................................................................... 11 1.4.1. Diglossia ........................................................................................................................ 11 1.4.2. Code- Switching ............................................................................................................ 14 1.4.2.1. The Structural Approach to Code– Switching ........................................................... 16 1.4.2.2. The Psycholinguistic Approach to Code-Switching ................................................... 18 1.4.2.3. The Sociolinguistic Approach to Code- Switching ..................................................... 20 1.5. The Arabic Language ............................................................................................................ 23 1.5.1. Modern Standard Arabic .............................................................................................. 24 1.5.2. Algerian Dialectal Arabic ............................................................................................... 25 1.6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 27 V Chapter Two: Data Collection and Analysis ................................................................................................... 29 2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 29 2.2. The Research Tools ............................................................................................................... 29 2.2.1. The Questionnaires ....................................................................................................... 29 2.2.2. Observation of the students inside and outside class ................................................... 30 2.2.3. The Interview ................................................................................................................ 31 2.3. The Sample Population ......................................................................................................... 32 2.3.1. Teachers’ Profile: .......................................................................................................... 33 2.3.2. Students’ Profile: .......................................................................................................... 33 2.4. Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 33 2.4.1. Analysis of the questionnaire to students .................................................................... 33 2.4.2. Analysis of the questionnaire to teachers .................................................................... 44 2.4.3. Analysis of the Observation inside and outside the classroom ..................................... 50 2.4.4. Analysis of the Interview .............................................................................................. 54 2.5 Data Interpretation .................................................................................................................... 56 2.5.1. Results Interpretation of the Questionnaire to Students ............................................. 56 2.5.2. Results Interpretation of the Questionnaires to Teachers