Tourism-related urban regeneration in two UK city regions. KIM, Seon Y. Available from the Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19913/ A Sheffield Hallam University thesis This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Please visit http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19913/ and http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html for further details about copyright and re-use permissions. 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Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 Tourism-related urban regeneration in two UK city regions S eon Young Kim A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Sheffield Hallam University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2012 Abstract Tourism is widely seen as a tool for urban regeneration and many old industrial cities in the UK incorporate tourism into their regeneration plans. This study explores the people and organisations involved in tourism-related urban regeneration, including their roles and relationships. The research uses a critical realistic perspective and three theoretical approaches: the regulation, policy network and structure-agency approaches. It explores two urban waterfront regeneration areas in the UK with significant tourism dimensions: The Quays in Greater Manchester and NewcastleGateshead Quayside. Research data for these two cases were collected using semi-structured interviews, document analysis and participant observation. The study findings indicate that in the case study areas tourism had more of a complementary and supplementary role rather than the lead role. The relationships between the people and organisations involved in tourism-related regeneration reflected resource dependency and they were often conflicting as well as collaborative. There were gaps and a lack of coordination between the actors involved in tourism marketing, tourism development, and urban regeneration. The tourism-related urban regeneration processes were heavily influenced by political and economic structures at the macro level, but the individual actors still exercised personal agency through their individual leadership, personality and commitment. The individual actors played important parts in building the inter-organisational relationships and in achieving tourism-related regeneration. The study explores tourism-related urban regeneration using a multi-level conceptual framework that connects the macro-, meso-, and micro-levels, and also using a policy network approach that identifies gaps in coordinated policy making. These helped to advance understanding of the degree of integration between the actors and policy networks associated with tourism and with wider urban regeneration. The study also highlights the multifaceted and relational structure-agency relations involved in tourism-related urban regeneration. Table of Contents Abstract..........................................................................................................................................II Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................................Ill List of Tables.............................................................................................................................. VIII List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. IX Glossary ....................................................................................................................................... XI Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... XII Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction to the study ..................................................................................................1 1.2 Study aims and objectives ...............................................................................................2 1.3 Study context .................................................................................................................. 4 1.3.1 The theoretical context of the study .....................................................................4 1.3.2 The case study context of the study ....................................................................5 1.3.3 The philosophical context of the study .................................................................6 1.4 Organisation of the thesis ................................................................................................7 1.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................9 Chapter 2 Literature review ..........................................................................................................11 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 The regulation approach ............................................................................................ 11 2.2.1 Overview of the regulation approach ................................................................. 11 2.2.2 Fordism/Keynesianism vs Post-Fordism/Neoliberalism ..................................... 14 2.2.3 The regulation approach in urban policy ............................................................ 15 2.2.4 The regulation approach in the tourism literature .................................................17 2.3 The policy network approach ......................................................................................... 19 2.3.1 Overview of the policy network approach .......................................................... 19 2.3.2 A dialectical policy network approach ................................................................ 22 2.3.3 The policy network approach in the urban regeneration literature ..................... 25 2.3.4 The policy network approach in the tourism literature ........................................ 27 2.4 The structure-agency relations approach ...................................................................... 29 2.4.1 Dualistic perspectives on structure-agency relations ......................................... 29 2.4.2 Dialectical approaches to structure-agency relations .........................................31 2.4.3 Application of the structure-agency relations in tourism .....................................36 2.5 Tourism and urban regeneration ...................................................................................37 2.5.1 Urban regeneration in the tourism literature ......................................................37 2.5.2 Complexity and challenges in urban tourism studies .........................................41 2.5.3 Integration between tourism and urban regeneration ........................................43 2.6 Conclusion....................................................................................................................46 Chapter 3 Conceptual Framework ...............................................................................................49 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 49 3.2 Evolution of the conceptualframework ...........................................................................49 3.2.1 The earlier versions of the conceptual framework ............................................. 50 3.2.2 The final conceptual framework .........................................................................53 3.3 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................59 Chapter 4 Methodology ................................................................................................................61 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................61 4.2. Research philosophy ........................................................................................62 4.2.1 Ontology and Epistemology ........................................................................... ...62 4.2.2 Positivism