TSC 220 Making Stuff the role of materials in sustainability US Energy consump0on by Energy source, 2009 The challenge is to change the percentages in the three largest wedges, increase the smallest wedge dramacally, and to do so in a relavely short 0me span. Primary Energy Flow by Source and Sector, 2009 The 0meframe for the needed change in energy source and usage is perhaps on the order of few decades, which means we will need to accelerate the design, processing, property determinaon as well as shorten the 0me to move from a small scale laboratory test to a commercially viable product. energy usage in 2009, US total energy use: 94.758 quadrillion BTU (= 1 x 1020 J) average power use per US resident: 1 x 1020 J/year ÷ 3.05 x 108 people ÷ 3.1536 x 107 seconds/year = 10381 J/(second person) = 10381 W/person where do we stand (power per person)? country usage (W/person) Canada 11055 US 10381 US has 6th largest Finland 9613 power usage per Sweden 7678 person France 6018 world average United Kingdom 5218 ~2000 W Switzerland 5100 China 1516 Senegal 310 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_per_capita how well do we use our energy? Japan US Finland UK Germany France from www.gapminder.org/world economic energy efficiency = GDP/energy GDP/energy in PPP 2000$/kg oil country 2004 equivalent Switzerland 8.27 United Kingdom 7.25 US: EEO in 2007 Senegal 6.46 was about 2 times its France 5.92 1960 value; US 4.60 Switzerland’s EEO dropped to 80% of Sweden 4.53 its 1960 value China 4.36 Finland 3.78 to compete in future Canada 3.42 will likely require a large EEO http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_gdp_per_uni_of_ene_use-gdp-per-unit-energy-use we have made some progress energy use by using recycled materials. In the paper and pulp industry, it is not cheaper to use recycled paper because it costs REDUCTION IN ENERGY USE, 1975 ! TODAY money to collect, sort, and process the waste paper. Recycling has other bene!ts, though. It reduces the amount of paper in land!lls and means fewer trees must be cut. 25% 3HWUROHXP5HILQHULHV Chemical Manufacturing Chemicals are an important part of our lives. We use chemicals in 41% &KHPLFDOV our medicines, cleaning products, fertilizers and plastics, as well as in many of our foods. 45% 6WHHO The chemical industry uses energy in two ways. It uses coal, oil, and $OXPLQXP natural gas to power the machinery to make the chemicals. It also 23% uses petroleum and natural gas as major sources of hydrocarbons from which the chemicals are made. 42% 3DSHU 3XOS New technology has made the chemical industry 60 percent more 33% &HPHQW energy e"cient than it was 30 years ago. Cement Manufacturing Source: U.S. Department of Energy Some people think the United States is becoming a nation of concrete. New roads and buildings are being built everywhere, every day. We use lots of concrete. PAPER RECYCLING Concrete is made from cement, water, and crushed stone. A lot of energy is used in making cement. The process requires extremely high temperatures—up to 3,500 degrees Fahrenheit. Cement plants have reduced their energy consumption by one- third using innovative waste-to-energy programs. More than half of the cement plants in the U.S. now use some type of waste for fuel. These wastes, such as printing inks, dry cleaning #uids and used tires, have high energy content. For example, the energy content of one tire equals that of two gallons of gasoline. This industry is using energy that would otherwise be wasted in a land!ll. Image courtesy of National Renewable Energy Laboratory The NEED Project P.O. Box 10101, Manassas, VA 20108 1.800.875.5029 www.NEED.org 47 suppose: reducing US energy usage by 1/4 would save 23.6 quad per year (use would be 7800 W per person) if GDP were unchanged, the US EEO would be 6.33, a more competitive value a primary goal should be to reduce US usage of energy: will require new technologies and changes in behavior new materials are essential for sustainable technologies reduced energy use energy generation and storage for more information: see NOVA program entitled “Making Stuff” videos of 4 programs at http://video.pbs.org/program/979359664/ almost everybody worries about materials our palette GROUP 1 IA PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 18 VIIIA 1 1.0079 http://www.ktf-split.hr/periodni/en/ 2 4.0026 1 H GROUP NUMBERS GROUP NUMBERS He PERIOD IUPAC RECOMMENDATION CHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE HYDROGENefficiency2 IIA of (1985)electrical(1986) generation13 IIIA tied14 IVA 15 toVA 16 VIAmagnets 17 VIIA HELIUM 3 6.941 4 9.0122 13 IIIA 5 10.811 6 12.011 7 14.007 8 15.999 9 18.998 10 20.180 2 Li Be ATOMIC NUMBER 5 10.811 RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (1) B C N O F Ne LITHIUM BERYLLIUM SYMBOL B BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON 11 22.990 12 24.305 BORON ELEMENT NAME 13 26.982 14 28.086 15 30.974 16 32.065 17 35.453 18 39.948 3 Na Mg VIIIB Al Si P S Cl Ar SODIUM MAGNESIUM 3 IIIB 4 IVB want5 VB 6 VIB 7veryVIIB 8 9high10 magnetic11IB 12 IIB ALUMINIUM SILICON fieldPHOSPHORUS SULPHUR perCHLORINE massARGON 19 39.098 20 40.078 21 44.956 22 47.867 23 50.942 24 51.996 25 54.938 26 55.845 27 58.933 28 58.693 29 63.546 30 65.39 31 69.723 32 72.64 33 74.922 34 78.96 35 79.904 36 83.80 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr POTASSIUM CALCIUM SCANDIUM TITANIUM VANADIUM CHROMIUM MANGANESEIRON COBALT NICKEL COPPER ZINC GALLIUM GERMANIUM ARSENIC SELENIUM BROMINE KRYPTON 37 85.468 38 87.62 39 88.906 40 91.224 41 92.906 42 95.94 43 (98) 44 101.07 45 102.91 46 106.42 47 107.87 48 112.41 49 114.82 50 118.71 51 121.76 52 127.60 53 126.90 54 131.29 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe RUBIDIUMbest STRONTIUM YTTRIUM magnets ZIRCONIUM NIOBIUM MOLYBDENUM TECHNETIUMmadeRUTHENIUM RHODIUM out PALLADIUM SILVERof CADMIUMrareINDIUM earth TIN ANTIMONY TELLURIUM elementsIODINE XENON 55 132.91 56 137.33 57-71 72 178.49 73 180.95 74 183.84 75 186.21 76 190.23 77 192.22 78 195.08 79 196.97 80 200.59 81 204.38 82 207.2 83 208.98 84 (209) 85 (210) 86 (222) 6 Cs Ba La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Lanthanide CAESIUM BARIUM HAFNIUM TANTALUM TUNGSTEN RHENIUM OSMIUM IRIDIUM PLATINUM GOLDMERCURY THALLIUM LEAD BISMUTH POLONIUM ASTATINE RADON 87 (223) 88 (226) 89-103 104 (261) 105 (262) 106 (266) 107 (264) 108 (277) 109 (268) 110 (281) 111 (272) 112 (285) 114 (289) 7 Fr Ra Ac-Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Actinide FRANCIUM RADIUM RUTHERFORDIUM DUBNIUM SEABORGIUM BOHRIUM HASSIUM MEITNERIUM UNUNNILIUM UNUNUNIUM UNUNBIUM UNUNQUADIUM LANTHANIDE Copyright© 1998-2002 EniG. ([email protected]) 57 138.91 58 140.12 59 140.91 60 144.24 61 (145) 62 150.36 63 151.96 64 157.25 65 158.93 66 162.50 67 164.93 68 167.26 69 168.93 70 173.04 71 174.97 (1) Pure Appl. Chem.,73 , No. 4, 667-683 (2001) Relative atomic mass is shown with five 6 significant figures. For elements have no stable La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu nuclides, the value enclosed in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest-lived LANTHANUM CERIUM PRASEODYMIUM NEODYMIUM PROMETHIUM SAMARIUM EUROPIUM GADOLINIUM TERBIUM DYSPROSIUM HOLMIUM ERBIUM THULIUM YTTERBIUM LUTETIUM isotope of the element. However three such elements (Th, Pa, and U) ACTINIDE do have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and for these an atomic weight is 89 (227) 90 232.04 91 231.04 92 238.03 93 (237) 94 (244) 95 (243) 96 (247) 97 (247) 98 (251) 99 (252) 100 (257) 101 (258) 102 (259) 103 (262) tabulated. 7 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Editor: Aditya Vardhan ([email protected]) ACTINIUM THORIUM PROTACTINIUM URANIUM NEPTUNIUM PLUTONIUM AMERICIUM CURIUM BERKELIUM CALIFORNIUM EINSTEINIUM FERMIUM MENDELEVIUM NOBELIUM LAWRENCIUM reduced energy use $ EFFICIENCY CONSERVATION Energy Consumption Transportation Sector The United States is a big country. The transportation sector uses Trucks use more fuel than any other commercial vehicle. Almost twenty-seven percent of the energy supply to moving people and all products are at some point transported by truck. Trucks are big goods from one place to another. and don’t get good gas mileage. They have diesel engines and can travel farther on a gallon of diesel fuel than they could on a gallon The Automobile of gasoline. In the last thirty years, trucks have improved their gas Americans love automobiles. We love to drive them. We don’t want mileage from 4.8 miles per gallon to about seven miles per gallon. anyone telling us what kind of car to buy or how much to drive it. Trains carry most of the freight between cities. In the last 30 years, Thirty years ago, most Americans drove big cars that used a lot of trains have improved their fuel e!ciency by 60 percent.