PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se��e� A - No. 21 PAPERS IN LINGUISTICS OF MELANESIA No. 2 by A. Capell Ann Chowning S.A. Wurm Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is published through the Lingui��ic Ci�cie 06 Canbe��a and cons ists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii J. Lynch, University of Papua D. Bradley, Australian National New Guinea University K.A. McElhanon, University of A. Capell, University of Sydney Texas S. Elbert, University of Hawaii H. McKaughan, University of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of P. Mlihlh�usler, Technische Linguistics Universit�t Berlin W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of G.N. O'Grady, University of Linguistics victoria, B.C. G. Grace, University of Hawaii A.K. Pawley, University of Hawaii M.A.K. Halliday, University of K. pike, University of Michigan; Sydney Summer Institute of Linguistics A. Healey, Summer Institute of E.C. Polome, University of Texas Linguistics G. Sankoff, Universite de Montreal L. Hercus, Australian National E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden University J.W.M. Verhaar, University of N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii Indonesia, Jakarta ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions , should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra , A.C.T. 2600 . Australia. Copyright � The Authors . First published 1969. Reprinted 1979 . The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series . This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund . National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 002 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page NON-AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES OF THE BRITISH SOLOMONS, by A. Cape ll 1 PHONETIC STRUCTURE 3 MORPHOLOGY OF THE LANGUAGES 3 (a) Morphology of the Noun 3 (i) Bilua 4 (ii) Banata 5 (iii) Lavukaleve 7 (iv) Savosavo 9 (b) Morphology of the Verb 11 CONCLUSION 15 Map: NAN-Lang uag e� 06 the B�iti�h Solomon I�land� 16 THE AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES OF NEW BRITAIN, by Ann Chowning 17 O. INTRODUCTION 17 1. THE NON-AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES 19 2. OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS 21 3. THE AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES 24 3.1 . Tolai 24 3. 2. Nakgatai 25 3.3. The Kimbe (Nakanai) Family 25 3.4. The Bariai Family 27 3. 5. The Arawe Family 29 3.6. The Lamogai Family 30 3.7. The Whiteman Family 3 1 3.8. The Mengen Family 32 3.9. Tomoip (Turnuip) 34 11i iv Page 4. CONCLUSION 34 Sou�ce4 06 Mate��al 36 Alte�nate Name4 06 Languag e4 36 Summa�y 06 Languag e G�oup�ng4 38 Pe�centag e4 06 Sha�ed Cognate4 between Selected Pa��4 06 Languag e4 39 41 Map : New 8��ta�n 44 Key to Austronesian languages and dialects on Map 45 THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN THE REEF AND SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS, by S.A. Wurm 47 1. INTRODUCTION 47 1 . 1. General Remarks 47 1. 2. List of Abbreviations 50 2. THE REEF ISLANDS-SANTA CRUZ FAMILY 51 2.1 . Composition of the Reef Islands-Santa Cruz Family 51 2. 2. Lexical Interrelationships within the Reef Islands- Santa Cruz Family 58 3. SAMPLE WORD LIST 58 3.1. Introductory Remarks 58 3.2. Remarks on the Phonologies of the Languages and Dialects 59 3.3. Word List 64 4. LEXICAL COMPOSITION OF THE REEF ISLANDS-SANTA CRUZ FAMILY LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS 73 4.1. General Remarks 73 4.2. Close Formal Similarities between RSC Vo cabulary Items and their Equivalents in South-Western Pacific Austronesian Languages 73 4.3. The non-Austronesian Lexical Element 75 4.4. Percentages showing the Lexical Composition of RSC Languages and Dialects 75 v Page 5. STRUCTURAL AND TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RSC LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS 77 5.1 . Introduction 77 5.2. General Characteristics 77 5.3. Special Features of Individual RSC Languages and Dialects 85 5.4. Typological Features shared by two or more Reef Islands-Santa Cruz Languages or Dialects in contrast to others 86 6. AUSTRONESIAN AND NON-AUSTRONESIAN FEATURES OF THE REEF ISLANDS-SANTA CRUZ LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS 96 6.1. Introductory Remarks 96 6.2. Non-Austronesian Features 97 6.3. Austronesian Features 98 6.4. Conclusion 99 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 100 103 Map 1: Languag e� , Ree6 and Santa C�uz I�land� 55 " 2: Lang uag e� , Ree6 I�land� 56 3: Lang uag e� , Santa C�uz I�land 57 NON-AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES OF THE BRITISH SOLOMONS* A. CAPELL Geographically the Solomon Islands form part of Melanesia, and the bulk of the languages in the Group belong to the Me lanesian section (as at present accepted) of the Austronesian (AN) family of languages. In fact, one of them - Sa?a - was used by Dempwolff as a criterion lan­ guage in the establishment of his 'Urmelanesisch' (Proto-Melanesian). There are a few small Polynesian-speaking settlements, but by and large the languages are MN . Not only so, but at the end of last century, P.W. Schmidt regarded them as the most distinctively and clearly MN lan­ guages of the whole section, and the south-eastern languages as stepping stones to Polynesia. C.E. Fox, indeed, has gone a stage further, and regarded the Solomon Islands not Indonesia or the Asian mainland, as the place of origin of the AN languages, see his "Phonetic Laws in Me lanesian Languages", Jou�nal 06 the Polynehian Society, 56 (1947) , 58-118, especially the first pages . The problem of linguistic strata in the Solomon Islands is complicat­ ed by the fact that the AN element itself does not seem to be a unity . This has been discussed in my paper on the Choiseul languages at this Congress . Apart from AN languages of any sort , however, there are non­ Austronesian (NAN ) languages, and these form the subj ect of the present paper. The island of Bougainville, in the Australian Administration, is largely non-AN. It will not be considered here apart from comparisons that will be briefly made in the concluding section of the paper. Those here discussed are found in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. There are at pre sent four of them, and from northwest to south-east they are Bilua (Vella Lavella), Banata (Rendova I.), Lavukaleve (Russell I.) Pap er read at the Canberra 1964 meeting of the Australian and New Zeala* n d Association for the Advancement of Science (ANZAAS ). 1 2 and Savosavo (Savo I.). On New Georgia there were previously Kazdkuru and Galiguli and apparent ly Dororo as well , but in modern times they have been replaced by Roviana and it is now difficult to get informa­ tion ab out them. Some brief vocabularies have been published (1) but practically no structural detail. Ve ry little will be said of them in this paper, except for sugge stions that point to a system of noun­ classification at least in Kazukuru . The details of locat ions appear in the accompanying map . The bulk of the discussion will be concerned with Bilua , Banata, Lavukaleve and Savosavo under the abbreviations Bi ., Ba ., La . and Sa . respectively . These languages share some common vocabulary , but it is small, and they are more outstanding for their differences not only from AN but amongst th emselves . In all cases there are AN loanwords , but the present paper does not at t emp t to study these . A short vocabulary was given by S.H. Ray as a specimen , another is subj oined , which takes a different , a rather less common group of words which will show the dif­ ferences between the languages at this level. It is based on the author's own fieldwork . There are points of co ntrast that will be of interest . ENGLISH BILUA BANATA KAZUKURU LAVUKALEVE SAVOSAVO banana naka vabu vinovo sa: sou be tel. nut sal)9ala (heta) pi ku leo bekeni crocodi re esoro seoto bil)abil)a katalea (vua) door veutu ua f ea no sinama hoa 1)9010 fry (n) salosalo uruzu zinol)o sou kuvu'{indi food sa i lao e: maso sinimai u i samu house pande va valou tai i tuvi Up bauta tevere mono leuman napu sembe moon kamboso ind i retulu kua ku'{e mosquito kerokero i : mu zu muiukuita nonokea paddre (n) vozi (AN) (voze ,AN) avi kera kaj ia pig bolo bo purono foe polo rat ruzi si re kusukui ku zi sugarcane sisa eu mizamiza sera kemo taro 1)90lit i 1)90li t i mekohon i suma ka ke weep zia i a: ia I ae nei yam inari mboe (uv i ,AN) (uvi ,AN) A few AN loanwords are bracketed; and there are one or two Roviana loans in Ba�ata. The small degree of cognation must be left at the present to re st on observation; there is no space available to discuss degrees of relationship le xicostat lstically . 3 PHONETIC STRUCTURE In spite of the radical differences in vocabulary and structure be­ tween these languages, the phonetic and phonemic patterns are remark­ ably homogeneous, and the peculiarities, such as the occurrence of Izl are shared with the AN language s of the Western Solomons . A composite Table of Phonemes of the languages would look as follows : Labial Denti- Palatal Velar Glottal alveolar stops p, b t, d k, g ? nasals m n n I) fricatives f , nj laterals v 5, Z rolled semivowels (w) y h r Vowels: u o e e: a The voiced stops are prenasalised, and Ijl varies between (nz) and (ndz).