HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY Ancient Julius Caesar Rome Teacher Guide Caesar Augustus The Second Punic War Cleopatra Ancient Rome Teacher Guide Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free: to Share—to copy, distribute, and transmit the work to Remix—to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution—You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation (www.coreknowledge.org) made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial—You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike—If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. 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ISBN: 978-1-68380-009-5 ISBN: Ancient Rome Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................... 1 Ancient Rome Sample Pacing Guide ................................... 16 Chapter 1 Romulus and Remus ............................ 22 Chapter 2 Roman Gods and Goddesses .................. 31 Chapter 3 The Roman Republic ........................... 38 Chapter 4 The Punic Wars ................................... 45 Chapter 5 Julius Caesar ..................................... 51 Chapter 6 Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt ..................... 57 Chapter 7 Julius Caesar Dies ............................... 61 Chapter 8 Caesar Augustus ................................. 67 Chapter 9 Roman Lands ..................................... 72 Chapter 10 Roads, Bridges, and Aqueducts .............. 77 Chapter 11 The Buildings of Rome ......................... 85 Chapter 12 Gladiators and Chariot Races .................. 93 Chapter 13 Pompeii ........................................... 99 Chapter 14 The Romans and the Christians .............. 107 Chapter 15 The Decline of the Roman Empire ........... 112 Chapter 16 East and West .................................... 117 Teacher Resources ................................................ 125 Ancient Rome Teacher Guide Core Knowledge History and Geography™ 3 UNIT 2 Introduction ABOUT THIS UNIT The Big Idea The city of Rome expanded from humble origins to rule much of Europe and the Mediterranean. Rome began over 2,750 years ago as a small cluster of huts on the banks of the Tiber River, which empties into the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean was an important route for trade and culture, and Rome’s location near the sea helped it grow. From the beginning, Rome included people of several tribes, or ethnic groups. Over the centuries, this little society developed a government that shared power among a group of families. In the Roman Republic, the people got to choose their own representatives as their rulers. As Rome grew, it expanded its territory. The three Punic Wars (264–241 BCE, 218–202 BCE, 149–146 BCE) between Rome and Carthage allowed Rome to gain control of key lands elsewhere on the Mediterranean, in North Africa. Placing a high value on military strength and borrowing ideas from other cultures, Rome gained more territory until it became a mighty empire controlling nearly all the land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Throughout the empire, the Romans spread the Latin language, styles of architecture, and codes of law. Roman-built infrastructure, including bridges, aqueducts, and more than fifty thousand miles of roads, eventually allowed Judeo-Christian monotheism to spread. Over time, however, the Roman Empire declined. To address mounting problems, the Romans divided their empire in the late 200s, first into administrative zones, then into Eastern and Western Empires. The Eastern Empire flourished, effectively unifying the Roman Empire throughout the fourth and early fifth centuries. The Western Empire collapsed in 476 CE. Despite the fall of Rome, Roman political ideas, philosophy, and literature have strongly influenced the development of Europe and other areas of the world. INTRODUCTION 1 What Students Should Already Know Students in Core Knowledge schools should be familiar with: • Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea • Worship of Greek deities Time Period Background What Students Need to Learn This timeline provides an overview of key events. Use a classroom timeline with • Geography of the Mediterranean region students to help them sequence and relate events that occurred over hundreds of years. - Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, and Adriatic Sea 753 BCE Traditional date for - Greece, Italy (peninsula), France, Spain founding of Rome - Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean 509 BCE Founding of the Roman Republic - North Africa, Asia Minor (peninsula), Turkey - Bosporus (strait), Black Sea, Istanbul (Constantinople) 264–146 BCE Three Punic Wars with Carthage - Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean • Background of the founding and growth of Rome 59 BCE Julius Caesar made consul - The definitions of BC and AD and of BCE and CE 58–51 BCE Gallic Wars between Rome and Gaul - The legend of Romulus and Remus - Latin as the language of Rome 44 BCE Julius Caesar assassinated on the Ides of March - The worship of deities based on Greek religion 31 BCE Battle of Actium (defeat of - The republic: Senate, patricians, plebeians Antony and Cleopatra) - The Punic Wars: Carthage, Hannibal 27 BCE–14 CE Caesar Augustus the sole • The Roman Empire ruler of Roman Empire; end of the Roman Republic - Julius Caesar (defeats Pompey and becomes dictator; “Veni, vidi, vici”—“I came, I saw, I conquered”; associated with Cleopatra of Egypt; 64 CE Nero blames fire in Rome on Christians assassinated in the Senate by Brutus) - Caesar Augustus 79 CE Eruption of Mount Vesuvius buries Pompeii - Life in the Roman Empire (the Forum; the Colosseum; roads, bridges, and aqueducts) 284–305 CE Rule of Emperor Diocletian and period of severe persecution of Christians - The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and the destruction of Pompeii - The persecution of Christians 313 CE Edict of Milan allows Christians to practice their • The decline and fall of Rome, including corrupt emperors, civil wars, and religion the sacking of Rome by the Visigoths in 410 CE 324 CE Constantinople built on the • Constantinople merges diverse influences and cultures as the seat of the site of Byzantium, named empire capital by Constantine 476 CE Fall of Western Empire to Germanic invaders 2 ANCIENT ROME AT A GLANCE The most important ideas in Unit 2 are: • Students should be able to locate major geographical features of the Mediterranean and major sections of the Roman Empire. • The Romans created a legend (Romulus and Remus) to explain the city’s founding. • The Romans adopted and adapted Greek mythology and deities to their own culture. • The Roman Republic evolved from one dominated by patricians to one in which plebeians also had power. • The Romans not only defeated but destroyed Carthage in the Punic Wars. • Julius Caesar was ambitious but also attempted to reform the government of the Roman state. • The reign of Caesar Augustus ushered in the two-hundred-year Pax Romana and marked the end of the republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. • The Roman Empire ended for a variety of reasons: military, economic, political, and social. • The Eastern Roman Empire lasted until 1453 as the Byzantine Empire. • Roman political ideas, institutions, and works of literature (written in Latin) have had a tremendous impact on European history and culture. WHAT TEACHERS NEED TO KNOW Geography of the Mediterranean Region You may find it helpful to refer to the activity page maps AP 1.1 and AP 1.3 on pages 137 and 139 while reading this section. Water Mediterranean, Aegean, and Adriatic Seas The Mediterranean is the world’s largest inland sea. It takes its name from Latin and means “middle of the land.” It refers to the sea’s position between Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East as well as to its central place in the life of the early Romans. For centuries, the Mediterranean served as a major route for commerce and cultural diffusion among Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and INTRODUCTION 3 elsewhere in Asia. In the 1300s CE with the rise of the Ottoman Turks and in the late 1400s CE with the opening of the sea route around Africa to Asia, the Mediterranean became less important. The construction of the Suez Canal, connecting the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean, revived some of the commerce between Asia and the Mediterranean countries. The Aegean and the Adriatic Seas are arms of the Mediterranean. The Aegean separates modern-day Greece from Turkey. South of the Aegean, between Southeastern Italy and Western Greece, the Mediterranean is called the Ionian