i i i ‘beginlatex’ --- 2018/12/4 --- 23:30 --- page 1 --- #1 i format format format \title{formatting information} format format format An introduction to typesetting with LATEX Peter Flynn i i i i i i i ‘beginlatex’ --- 2018/12/4 --- 23:30 --- page 2 --- #2 i Copyright This document is copyright © 1999–2017 by Silmaril Consultants under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (copyleft). Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later ver- sion published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in Appendix 6 starting on page 271. You are allowed to distribute, reproduce, and modify this document without fee or further requirement for consent subject to the conditions in section F.5 on page 275. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this document. If you make useful modifications you are asked to inform the author so that the master copy can be updated for the benefit of others. The PDF edition was typeset with X LE ATEX in Charis SIL, Raleway, and Nimbus15 Narrow from the XML master document also used in the web and eBook editions, transformed with XSLT2, Calibre, and kindlegen. Readers of the Kindle (.mobi) version may notice that the TEX and related logos are reproduced in plain text rather than with the special spacing and alignment normally seen; this is to compensate for the many deficiencies of the Kindle file format and the Kindle devices, which are not capable of reproducing microtypographic adjustments. Standard EPUB3 eBook readers are not affected by this and show the logos in their correct form. i i i i i i i ‘beginlatex’ --- 2018/12/4 --- 23:30 --- page 3 --- #3 i Formatting Information An introduction to typesetting with LATEX Peter Flynn rmation fo M In a n a g e silmaril m e n s t t C n o a t n l s u 4th December 2018 i i i i i i i ‘beginlatex’ --- 2018/12/4 --- 23:30 --- page 4 --- #4 i i i i i i i i ‘beginlatex’ --- 2018/12/4 --- 23:30 --- page i --- #5 i Contents Welcome to Formatting Information ........................ vii Credits ....................................... ix Foreword ...................................... xi Preface ....................................... xv Introduction .................................... xxi 1 Writing documents 1 1.1 Markup ................................... 2 1.2 Choosing your LATEX processor ....................... 4 1.3 Quick start for the impatient ........................ 7 1.4 LATEX commands ............................... 9 1.4.1 Simple commands .......................... 12 1.4.2 Commands with arguments ..................... 13 1.5 White-space in LATEX ............................. 13 1.5.1 Swallowing space after commands ................. 13 1.6 Special characters .............................. 15 1.6.1 Using the special characters .................... 15 1.7 Quotation marks .............................. 17 1.8 Accents .................................... 19 1.9 Dimensions, hyphenation, justification, and breaking .......... 23 1.9.1 Specifying size units ......................... 23 1.9.2 Hyphenation ............................. 26 1.9.3 Breakable and unbreakable text .................. 27 1.9.4 Dashes ................................ 28 1.9.5 Justification ............................. 29 1.9.6 Languages .............................. 30 1.10 Mathematics ................................. 31 2 Basic structures 33 2.1 The Document Class Declaration ...................... 34 2.1.1 Document classes .......................... 34 2.1.2 Extending the default classes .................... 35 2.1.3 Document class options ....................... 36 2.2 The document environment ........................ 39 2.3 Titling .................................... 42 2.4 Abstracts and summaries .......................... 44 2.5 A little think about structure ........................ 45 2.6 Sections ................................... 47 2.6.1 Section numbering .......................... 48 2.7 Ordinary paragraphs ............................ 49 2.8 Table of contents .............................. 51 £ Formatting Information ¢ i ¡ i i i i i i i ‘beginlatex’ --- 2018/12/4 --- 23:30 --- page ii --- #6 i FORMATTING INFORMATION 3 Packages and CTAN 55 3.1 Packages and classes ............................ 56 3.1.1 Using an existing class ....................... 57 3.1.2 Using an existing package ...................... 57 3.1.3 Package documentation ....................... 59 3.2 Installing classes and packages ....................... 59 3.2.1 Downloading packages ....................... 60 3.2.2 Installing a class or package manually ............... 61 3.2.3 Replicating the TDS ......................... 66 3.3 Where to go for help ............................ 67 3.3.1 Beginners start here ......................... 67 3.3.2 The Minimal [Non-]Working Example or MWE .......... 67 3.3.3 The FAQ ............................... 67 3.3.4 StackExchange ............................ 68 3.3.5 The TEXhax mailing list ....................... 68 3.3.6 Web sites ............................... 68 3.3.7 Usenet News ............................. 68 3.3.8 Google LATEX list ........................... 69 3.3.9 Commercial support ......................... 69 4 Lists, tables, figures 71 4.1 Lists ..................................... 72 4.1.1 Itemized lists ............................. 73 4.1.2 Enumerated lists ........................... 73 4.1.3 Description lists ........................... 74 4.1.4 Inline lists .............................. 75 4.1.5 Reference lists and segmented lists ................. 77 4.1.6 Lists within lists ........................... 77 4.2 Tables .................................... 79 4.2.1 Floats ................................. 79 4.2.2 Normal tables ............................ 81 4.2.3 Simple tabular matter ........................ 81 4.2.4 More complex tabular formatting ................. 85 4.2.5 More on tabular spacing ...................... 86 4.2.6 Tabular techniques for alignment ................. 88 4.3 Figures .................................... 89 4.4 Images .................................... 91 4.4.1 Image file formats .......................... 91 4.4.2 Resizing images ........................... 93 4.4.3 Making images ............................ 94 4.4.4 Graphics storage ........................... 96 4.5 Quotations .................................. 97 4.6 Boxes, sidebars, and panels ......................... 99 4.6.1 Boxes of text ............................. 99 4.6.2 Framed boxes ............................ 101 £ ¢ ii ¡ Formatting Information i i i i i i i ‘beginlatex’ --- 2018/12/4 --- 23:30 --- page iii --- #7 i CONTENTS 4.6.3 Sidebars and panels ......................... 102 4.7 Verbatim text ................................ 102 4.7.1 Inline verbatim ........................... 102 4.7.2 Display verbatim ........................... 105 5 Textual tools 107 5.1 Footnotes and end-notes .......................... 107 5.2 Marginal notes ................................ 109 5.3 References and citations .......................... 109 5.3.1 Cross-references ........................... 110 5.3.2 Bibliographic references ....................... 111 5.4 Indexes and glossaries ........................... 123 5.4.1 Indexes ................................ 123 5.4.2 Glossaries .............................. 124 5.5 Multiple columns .............................. 127 6 Layouts and fonts 129 6.1 Changing layout ............................... 129 6.1.1 Margins and spacing ......................... 131 6.1.2 Headers and footers ......................... 135 6.2 Using fonts .................................. 137 6.2.1 Setting up fonts for X LE ATEX ..................... 137 6.2.2 Changing the default font family with X LE ATEX ........... 139 6.2.3 Changing the default font family with LATEX and PDFLATEX .... 141 6.2.4 Changing the font-family temporarily with X LE ATEX ........ 146 6.2.5 Changing the font-family temporarily with LATEX and PDFLATEX .. 147 6.2.6 Changing type style ......................... 149 6.2.7 Font sizes ............................... 151 6.2.8 Logical markup ........................... 153 6.2.9 Colour ................................ 155 6.3 The LATEX font catalogue .......................... 157 7 Programmability 161 7.1 Simple replacement macros ........................ 161 7.2 Macros using information gathered previously .............. 162 7.3 Macros with arguments ........................... 165 7.4 Nested macros ................................ 167 7.5 Macros and environments ......................... 168 7.6 Reprogramming LATEX’s internals ...................... 170 7.6.1 Changing list item bullets ...................... 171 £ Formatting Information ¢ iii ¡ i i i i i i i ‘beginlatex’ --- 2018/12/4 --- 23:30 --- page iv --- #8 i FORMATTING INFORMATION 8 Compatibility 173 8.1 Converting into LATEX ............................ 175 8.1.1 Getting LATEX out of XML ...................... 177 8.2 Converting out of LATEX ........................... 182 8.2.1 Conversion to Word ......................... 183 8.2.2 The lwarp package ......................... 184 8.2.3 LATEX2HTML ............................. 184 8.2.4 TEX4ht ................................ 185 8.2.5 Extraction from PostScript and PDF ................ 185 8.2.6 Last resort: strip the markup .................... 186 8.3 Going beyond LATEX