Communities on a Frontier in Conflict Communities on a Frontier in Conflict: The Jesuit Guaraní Mission Los Santos Mártires del Japón By Robert H. Jackson With a contribution by Graciela Gayetzky de Kuna Communities on a Frontier in Conflict: The Jesuit Guaraní Mission Los Santos Mártires del Japón By Robert H. Jackson This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by Robert H. Jackson All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-1312-2 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-1312-9 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables, Figures and Maps ............................................................... vi Acknowledgments and Initial Thoughts ...................................................... x Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 13 An Origin Forged in Conflict Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 32 Regional Conflict and the Jesuit Missions Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 62 Mission Organization, Urban Plan, and Architecture Chapter Five ............................................................................................ 108 The Concept of a Mission “Economy” Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 131 Life, Death, and Taxes: Demographic Patterns on Los Santos Mártires Mission Chapter Seven .......................................................................................... 180 Conclusions Appendix 1 .............................................................................................. 185 The Population and Vital Rates of the Guaraní Missions Appendix 2 .............................................................................................. 220 The Populations of the Missions of the Jesuit Paraguay Province Selected Bibliography ............................................................................. 227 LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND MAPS Tables Table 1: Communions Recorded at Los Santos Mártires del Japón Mission, in selected years Table 2: Guaraní Mission Militia Mobilized for Campaigns against Colonia do Sacramento, 1680 and 1761 Table 3: Dominican Doctrinas in Guatemala and Chiapas in 1611 Table 4: Dominican Doctrinas in Chiapas and Tabasco Table 5: The Number of Families and Estimated Population of the Dominican Doctrinas in Chiapas, in selected years Table 6: Account Balance of Los Santos Mártires Mission in the Buenos Aires and Santa Fe Oficio de Misiones, in pesos and reales Table 7: Sources of Income of six missions in 1787, in pesos Table 8: Livestock reported at Los Santos Mártires Mission Table 9: Livestock slaughtered and lost at Los Santos Mártires Mission in 1790 Table 10: Population of the Paraguay Missions and the 1718-1719 Smallpox Epidemic Table 11: Catastrophic Mortality in 1733 Table 12: Catastrophic Mortality in 1735 Table 13: The Chronology of 1737-1740 Smallpox Epidemic Table 14: Catastrophic Mortality in 1737-1740 Table 15: Baptisms and Burials Recorded in 1733, 1735-1740 Table 16: Baptisms and Burials Recorded in 1741, 1744-1750 Table 17: Baptisms and Burials Recorded in 1763-1765 Table 18: Marriages Recorded at Selected Missions, 1728-1741 Table 19: Population of the Baja California Missions in 1744 and total baptisms from date of foundation to 1744 Table 20: The Population of San Francisco Xavier and Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe Missions, in selected years Table 21: Crude Birth and Death Rates on Selected Baja California Missions, 1769, 1772, 1781-1782 Table 22: The Population of Los Santos Mártires Mission, in selected years Communities on a Frontier in Conflict vii Table 23: Marriages Recorded at Los Santos Mártires Mission, in selected years Table 24: Females as a percentage of the total population of Los Santos Mártires Mission, in selected years Table 25: Children and Adolescents as a percentage of the total population of Los Santos Mártires Mission, in selected years Table 26: Post-Expulsion Population of Concepción Department Table 27: Fugitives Reported, in selected years Figures Figure 1: A section of the Ixmiquilpan church murals depicting two jaguars (Tepeyollotl) and an eagle Figure 2: Detail of the mural depicting a jaguar as a Tepeyollotl Figure 3: Detail of the mural depicting a jaguar as a Tepeyollotl Figure 4: The bell tower of the Barrio Chapel of San Juan Bautista Tlaltentli showing the embedded pre-Hispanic stones aligned at the top. Figure 5: Detail of the design element in the lower cloister of San Juan Bautista Coyoacán showing the beheaded Jesus, and of the mural of a Jaguar Warrior in the convent church San Miguel Ixmiquilpan. Figure 6: The Fortalesa of Santa Tereza Figure 7: The ruins of San Carlos mission Figure 8: The ruins of San Carlos mission Figure 9: Islamic ceiling decoration from the Alcázar (royal palace) in Sevilla, Spain Figure 10: Examples of Islamic architecture in Sevilla, Spain Figure 11: Alfarje in the cathedral of Ciudad Real and the church of Santo Domingo Chiapa Figure 12: The façade and interior of the convent church Santo Domingo Chiapa Figure 13: The mudéjar-style fountain in the main square of Chiapa Figure 14: The late seventeenth-century baroque-style convent church Santo Domingo Figure 15: The church interior Figure 16: The chapel of Zinacatán Figure 17: The sixteenth-century cloister of Santo Domingo Chiapa Figure 18: Santo Domingo Tecpatán Figure 19: The plateresque-style sixteenth century church of the visita of Copainalá Figure 20: The Hospital de Indios viii List of Tables, Figures and Maps Figure 21: The monumental one nave plateresque church at Huejotzingo Figure 22: The sixteenth-century church in Sabaya (Bolivia) Figure 23: A c. 1750 diagram of San Miguel mission Figure 24: A c. 1750 diagram of San Juan Bautista mission Figure 25: Detail of the San Juan Bautista mission church Figure 26: The 1786 diagram of Los Santos Mártires mission Figure 27: The 1792 diagram of Los Santos Mártires mission Figure 28: A diagram of the main elements of the mission complex Figure 29: A diagram of the building complex of Los Santos Mártires mission Figure 30: The ruins of the mission church at Los Santos Mártires mission Figure 31: The Ruins of Guaraní housing Figure 32: The Jesuit churches of La Asunción Arispe and San Ignacio Caborica (Sonora, Mexico) Figure 33: San Miguel church at Concá (Querétaro, Mexico). Figure 34: The Procuraduria in Buenos Aires Figure 35: An illustration by Florian Paucke, S.J. of the tapia frances building construction technique Figure 36: A mixed stone-adobe wall in the church at San Juan Bautista Figure 37: The Population of Santa María la Mayor mission, 1643-1803 Figure 38: The Population of Los Santos Mártires mission, 1643-1803 Figure 39: Baptisms and Burials recorded at Los Santos Mártires and Santa María la Mayor missions Figure 40: Females as a percentage of the total population of Los Santos Mártires mission Maps Map 1A: A contemporary map showing the location of the Jesuit missions Map 1B: Detail of the map showing the location of the Jesuit missions Map 2: A 1737 map of Colonia do Sacramento Map 3: A 1777 Spanish map showing the changes to Colonia do Sacramento and its defenses Map 4: A contemporary map showing Lago Merim, the disputed borderlands, and the mouth of Laguna de los Patos Map 5: The Spanish Fort of Santa Tecla built in 1773 Map 6: A contemporary map showing the defenses constructed at the mouth of Laguna de los Patos Map 7: Detail of the map showing the fortifications Map 8: A contemporary map showing the interior of Laguna de los Patos Map 9: Detail of the map showing the fortifications and settlement Communities on a Frontier in Conflict ix Map 10: An 1818 diagram of San Carlos mission destroyed during an 1818 battle with Luso-Brazilian invaders Map 11: Detail of a c. 1780 map prepared following the Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777) that shows yerbales in the area of what today is Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil exploited by San Juan Bautista mission ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND INITIAL THOUGHTS Firstly, a note of explanation regarding the cover illustrations to this study, which are two depictions of the crucifixions of Christians staged by Japanese officials in Nagasaki in 1597. In protecting their culture and religious traditions Japanese leaders attempted to eliminate the growing Christian community, and particularly the foreign influence that they correctly perceived to be linked to the new faith and that posed a potential if not real threat to Japanese independence. The Japanese executed foreign missionaries and native Japanese Christians, including the Franciscan missionary Felipe de Jesús who was a native of Mexico City. When the Jesuits established a mission at a community named Caaró in 1628, they dedicated the new mission in the memory of the Jesuits who were in the group of Christians executed in 1597. The 2016 feature film “Silence” captured a sense of