" ClA 63-1 The Monographic Studies of Cordyceps 2. almost a Malayan Group parasitic on Cicadidae half of 1 and only With 5 Plates and 17 Text-figures in popul mer. A Yosio KOBAYASI* and Daisuke SHIMIZU** .r apan. reported Just two centuries have elapsed since the most popular cicadicolous species that, in or the cicada club (Cordyceps sobolìfera) has been introduced in 1763 with the the perii name "Clavaria sobolifera Hil" by W. Watson from Dominica and Martinique Peck. of the West Indies. As No additional species has ever been reported til 1918, when another one writer p was found in Japan and named erroneously as C. ophioglossoides by C. G. Lloyd. an obsc' In 1939, Kobayasi enumerated five species and one variety of Cordyceps on inclined Cicadidae. Since then, many interesting specimens have been deposited in his eastern herbarium by his collaborators. On the other hand, the Japanese species C. sinclairi heteropoda extended its distribution far to Congo of Africa and also C. sinclairi oiuariensis to Soviet Russia, from where a new species C. evdogeorgiae was also The reported by KovaL. Now Kobayasi enumerates sixteen species and two forms cicadicol including seven new species. for Aus' baeidae) Subgen. Eucordyceps attack Sect. 1. Racemella continue Subsect. 1. Sparsae under tl 1. C. prolifica Y.K. exist in f. terminais Y.K. the grou 2. C. ctenocephala Syd. It is sui Subsect. 2. Confertae the spir: 3. C. inegoensis Y.K. 4. C. coxii Ollff the inse Subsect. 3. Pseudo-immersae fleshy a 5. C. minuta Y.K. The f Sect. 2. Cystocarpon micro see Subsect. 1. Eucystocarpon 6. C. sobolifera Berk. et Br. var. takaoensis Y.K. 7. C. sinclairii Y.K. (Con idial stage: I saria sinclairii) 8. C. 1. Pei longissima Y.K. 9. C. yakusimensis Y.K. 10. C. ryogamimontana Pei Y.K. 11. C. toriha1'amontana Y.K. 12. C. paradoxa Y.K. 13. C. 2. Dii heteropoda Y.K. 14. C. nipponica Y.K. Dii Sect. 3. Cremastocarpon 3. Sti Subsect. 1. Carnosae ane 15. C. oiuariensis Y.K. Subgen. Neocordyceps Fe' 16. C. evdogeorgiae Koval Sti . National Science Museum .. Yonezawa Municipal Museum. Yamagata Prefecture BulL. Nat. Sci. Mus., VoL. 6, No.3, July 1963 287 The number of the species of Cicadas attains to 2,000..3,000, distributed almost all over the world. Especially in the Oriental region including India, the Malayan region, Borneo, the Philppines, South China and Formosa, more than half of the total number is found. Japan is situated in the Palaearctic region and only 13 genera and 27 species of Cicadas are reported, but is very plentiful in population and their characteristic singings are most familar to us in sum- mer. Accordingly, it is natural that many cicadicolous fungi are expected from .Japan. On the contrary, from Europe no cicadicolous species has ever been reported on account of the rarity of host-insects. It may be a particular case IUS species 3 with the that, in America, no member of Cordyceps has yet been found, for instance, on \1artinique the periodical cicada, in spite of its being a special host for Mas8ospora cicadina Peck. As for the other cicadicolous fungi than the members of Cordyceps, the lOther one , G. Lloyd. writer published two papers in 1939, in which lsaria cicad was taken to be 'dyceps on an obscurely known species based on inadequate description, but now he is ¡ted in his inclined to suppose that it is a distinct one distributing in Bahia of Brazil and eastern Australia according to the report of J.H. Wilis (1959). Also lsaria species C. d also C. sinclairii was found by the writer (1949) to be the conidial form of Cordyceps e was also sinclairii, without connectio:n to C. soboiifera. two forms The host-speciality is not seen in these members, although almost all the cicadicolous species are confined to one or several species of Cicadidae except for Australian C. coxii which is said also to be found on Lepidiota sp. (Scara- baeidae). Most of the fungi are found on nymphs of the fifth stage, but few attack the adult cicadas. This is due to the fact that the cicadas continue their nymphal stage for several or rarely more than ten years long under the ground, nourished by the roots of plants and, on the contrary, they exist in their adult stage only several days or so and flying speedily far above the ground, affording scarce opportunities to be infected by entomogenous fungi. It is supposed that the fungi, at first, attack the living nymphs, entering through the spiracles with their mycelia. The fruitbodies of fungi do not spring up from the insect til their mycelial mass make the endosclerotium, which is the hard fleshy and compact mass surrounded by the shell of cicada. The following is an attempt to distinguish each fungus externally as well as microscopically. Key to the cicadicolous species ¡i) 8. C. nimontana 1. Perithecia superficial or apparently half-immersed .................. 2 Perithecia wholly immersed ............,.......................... 6 .. 13. C. 2. Distribution of perithecia not homogeneous, but unilateral or irregular.. 3 Distribution of perithecia homogeneous, densely aggregate ........ 4 3. Stromata single, 8-5 em long, composed of hypgeous perennial stalk and epigeous deciduous fertile part; perithecia irregularly distributed. C. prolilica Few perithecia distributed only on the apical part ..... C. prolilica f. terminalis Stromata gregarious, shortr than 1 em; perithecia unilateral..... , . C. ctenocephala ----_...._._.._--- ¡. ,. 288 KOBAYASI and SHIMIZU : Monographic Studies of Cordyceps 2. 4. Stromata very small, 3-4.5 mm long; fertie part capitate. .. C. minuta of Kyou: Stromata larger, several centimeters at least; fertile part cylindrical. ., 5 olous fu 5. Stromata more than 10 cm long; stalks cylindrical, almost with same direct rt diameter with fertie part "........,....,...,........ C. inegoensis was imp Stromata 3 em or more long; stalks very slender ...........,.. C. coxii of good 6, Perithecia rectangularly immersed ....,.."..............,......... 7 Sen( Perithecia obliquely immersed ...........,......................... 15 its defoi 7. Fertile part cylindrical ...."........,........,..............,.... 8 specimen Fertile part capitate ,.............,.............................. 12 Edo (T( 8. Stromata caespitose on adult hostbody, dark olivaceous to black Jaki when matured .....,......",...,.....,......,. C. ryogamimontana sobolifer Stromata generally single on nymph of host ....,........,.....,.. 9 seems t( 9. Fertile part not distinct from stalk ,............................... 10 Unk Fertie part distinct from stalk .,..."..."...,.....,...,........ 11 Tsu! 10, Stromata clavate, with pycnidial conidial form as side branches, without based or mycelial mat ....".",.................,...,........ C. 8obolifera Mycelial mat covering the hostbody .... C. sobolifera var. takaoensis The wrI Stromata cylindrical, accompanied with lsaria form....... .C. sinclairii of host 11. Perithecia ovoid ..,....,......,.............".....,. C. longissima Perithecia narrow ovoid or almost naviculate ".... C. yakusimensis 12. Fertile part not cordate at base; secondary ascospores thick .......... 13 Fertile part cordate at base; sec. ascosp. slender 1,u or thinner ....., 14 13. Stromata arising directly from hostbody; sec. ascosp. 1.5-2.5 X 1.5-1.7,u 1) C . .. C. toriharamontana Myc Stromata arising from underground mycelial membrane or strand; sec. sclerotia ascosp. 3- X 1.5-2,u ,.............,....,....,...,..... C. paradoxa soideis ( 14. Upper part of stalk sharply defined from underground i:talk, thick capite v cylindrical; fertile part ovoid; sec. ascosp. &-~.7 X 0.9-1/- ....."... perennia . , . , , . , . '. C. heteropoda terminal Upper part of stalk not differentiated from lower part, slender; fertile longus, i part commonly depressed globose; sec. ascosp. 2.8-.8 X O,7,u ........ curvatus . , . .. , . , , . " C. nipponica diam., p 15. Fertile part cylindric, apically attenuated; sec. ascosp. cylindric 5.6 X ochraceo 4.2,u, truncate at both ends ...........,...,..."...,.. C. oivariensis medulla Fertile part ovoid; sec. ascosp. elongated fusiform 8.7-10 X 2-3,u... .. , primo tt . , .. C. evdogeorgiae ordinata raro de'! ut in st In the Orient, the cicadicolous fungi have long been known as medical gregaria materials, their medicinal values being the same as cast-off shells of cicada. tributa, Chen hua ~n ()E$ljI , meaning "flower of cicada" is the general name and cinereofi occasionally used for C. sobolifera. Later in Japan, two new na.mes "tsuno- 5-6/-, ca: zemi ~." meaning horned cicada and "Hanazemi nBi" meaning flowering truncati cicada were applied to C. 8obolifera and lsaria sinclairii respectively. The oldest My, chinese literature seems to be Pen ts'ao kang mu (*:!~ §) by Li Shih-Chen partly 1: (~lli:) (1596), in which the following phrase is found. ~n...)E!l...jjJL.I*-~. thicknes; In Japan, Matsuoka Gentatsu ¥~/l$~ published for the first time Yóyaku- globose i suchi (ff~~ni) and introduced the Semihana (!!i!¡tt~), collected in Kamigamo distinct ..'" .~ , Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus., Vol. 6, No.3, July 1963 289 minuta of Kyoto. The following many herbarists in the Edo period took these cicadic- cal. 5 olous fungi as the singular products rather than medical materials, with no h. same direct relation to the so-called "Tôchûkasô" (::.9ÃÏA!) or C. sinensis, which goensis was imported at times from China. For instance, the following are examples 7. coxii of good ilustrated lieratures. 7 Senchûfu 'f.9~ (1811) by Kurimoto Tanshû (~*:I~H): C. sobolifera and 15 its deformations are ilustrated in the name Semitake (!I:t), based on the 8 specimens found in the garden of Masujima Ran'en (J¡l1iiSã) at Honjo of 12 Edo (Tokyo). black Jakusô-kinpu 1tJl~~ (1858) by Yoshida Jakusô tlffítll In this, C. ,ontana sobolifera figures with the name Natsunosemitake. The name Harunosemitake 9 seems to be applied to C. paradoxa and lsaria sp. 10 Unkin-zuihitsu ~~IÌIl~ (1861) by Kimura Kenkadô *:t:Jn:1t (l!llff) 11 Tsunozemi (C. sobolifera) and Hanazemi (lsaria sinclairii) are ilustrated, vithout based on the specimen collected near the Takatuki Shrine of Settu Province. iolifera rioensis The writers tender their sincere thanks to Dr.