International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 228-247, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_025 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed ARCHITECTURAL PHILOSOPHICAL TERM FROM PRE-SOCRATIC TO ENLIGHTENMENT Kadhim Fathel Khalil Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Duhok, Kurdistan, Iraq ABSTRACT The philosophical term is considers as a basic intellectual background of architecture throughout history, but the architectural theories that touched on this subject haven’t been diagnosed this term clearly, so I bring this paper to diagnose this term in philosophical architectural knowledge through the epochs of time, what gives this paper an importance in the study of architectural theories is disintegrate the knowledge confusion about this term and thus will be the beginning for more accurately topics that related to what the philosophical-architecture term is. The problem of the current research has been represented by the lack of studies with regard to essence of the philosophical-architectural term and it’s employ in architecture. The objective of the study was defined in an attempt to discover the philosophical-architecture term and its mechanism employed in architecture. To achieve this goal the structural approach in building knowledge about the philosophical-architecture term has been adopted according to the epochs of time starting from the Pre-Socratic era down to Present era, that gives a high holistic to this study in the diagnosis of the philosophical- architecture term. This study is dividing into two main stages, first is covering the Pre-Socratic to the Enlightenment era, the subsequent study is covering modernism to the present era. Keywords: Philosophy, Architecture, Term, Geometry, Form, Aesthetic. Cite this Article: Kadhim Fathel Khalil, Architectural Philosophical Term from Pre- Socratic to Enlightenment. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(04), 2019, pp. 228-247 http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=10&Issue=4 1. INTRODUCTION One looks at philosophers and philosophical ideas in the way that they were interpreted and utilized by architects, independent from whether their reading should be seen as a correct or even plausible interpretation. Architectural theory is nurtured by philosophical ideas, the concern and questions that move people at a certain time as much as their visions and worldviews are mirrored in their architectural design: Architecture provides functional and technical solution but is also a practical answer to philosophical questions. Yet to account for philosophy’s role for architecture, one faces a profound difficulty: Architects have often read \http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 228 [email protected] Kadhim Fathel Khalil philosophers in ways that scholars find very problematic. Because architectural debates are embedded in wider reflection of a culture, they are shaped as such by clichés as by ideas that are current at any time. This attempt illustrates the relationship between western philosophy and architecture. It discusses philosophy’s contribution to architecture and the way in which one can reflect philosophically about architecture, the recognition of philosophical architectural term, through which philosopher’s interpreted architecture, will enable theorists and architects to be closer to state of philosophical expression of architecture. It has been said that there is a relationship between philosophy and architecture, but it is not clear the essence of this link, however, the existentialism of the philosophy based on conventional linguistic construction, drives towards the realization that this association exists through -term- so the question came about what the most influential philosophical-architectural terms overtimes are, or what are the common terms between philosophy and architecture, which can be called the philosophical-architectural term. In an attempt to find an answer to this research question, it was necessary to analyze the studies that dealt with philosophy and architecture, where we found that the study of Śuvaković focused on the notions of “philosophy of architecture” and “aesthetics of architecture” and the differences between traditional and contemporary philosophy and aesthetics of architecture [1].While Ahmed took the major motivating tributary to descend a relation between the modalities of classical philosophy and theory of aesthetics associated with ancient Greek architecture [2]. Branko topics in his study include Aristotle's theories of "visual imagination" and their relevance to digital design, the problem of optical correction as explored by Plato, Hegel's theory of zeitgeist, and Kant's examinations of space and aesthetics, among others. Focusing primarily on nineteenth- and twentieth-century philosophy, it provides students with a wider perspective relating to philosophical problems that come up in contemporary architectural debts [3]. Mitias study is a critical exploration of the main questions concerning the intersection of philosophy and architecture. Is architecture art? How does a building mean? What is our experience of the architectural work? Philosophical reflection focuses here on the aesthetic status, cultural value, and human significance of architecture [4]. Hendrix examines philosophical structures of Plato in their structural, spatial, and architectonic implications. It examines elements of Plato's philosophical systems in relation to other philosophical systems, including those of Anaximander, Plotinus, Proclus, Nicolas Cusanus, Marsilio Ficino, Georges Bataille, Jacques Lacan, and Jacques Derrida [5]. Also, Hendrix examines architectural and architectonic forms as products of philosophical and epistemological structures in selected cultures and time periods of Western civilization, beginning in Egypt and Greece and culminating in twentieth- century Europe and America, and analyzes architecture as a text of its culture. Relations between architectural forms and philosophical structures are explored in Architecture, like all forms of artistic expression, is interwoven with the beliefs and the structures of knowledge of its culture [6]. Previous studies that have been analyzed, despite their accuracy and comprehensiveness, have left gaps in knowledge in terms of how they deal with the relationship of philosophy to architecture. Where we find that most of them confirm the obvious relationship, without addressing the problem of what this relationship, which is a whole descriptive style. So, we can say Knowledge is ambiguous about essence which stand behind the relationship between philosophy and architecture, and therefore, regard to essence of the philosophical-architectural term. The problem of the current research has been represented by the lack of studies with regard to essence of the philosophical-architectural term and it’s employ in architecture. In light of problem statement, the objective of the study was defined in an attempt to discover the philosophical-architecture term in architecture. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 229 [email protected] Architectural Philosophical Term from Pre-Socrac to Enlightenment. 2 PHILOSOPHY First of all, it is necessary to identify philosophy, where according to Oxford English Dictionary Philosophy: Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language [7].[8].The term was probably coined by Pythagoras. Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation [9].Classic philosophical questions include: Is it possible to know anything and to prove it? [10].The term is the agreement of some people to name the thing in the name of what is transmitted from the first subject, and to remove the word from the linguistic meaning to another, for the occasion between them [11]. While the terminology of a subject according to Collins English Dictionary is the set of special words and expressions used in connection with it. And according to vocabulary dictionary Terminology is vocabulary associated with a certain field of study, profession, or activity. Know the terminology is an important part of being able to work in a given profession. The body of terms used with a particular technical application in a subject of study, profession, etc. Scientific terminology is a special words or expressions used in relation to a particular subject or activity [12][13]. 3 PHILOSOPHY AND ARCHITECTURE Philosophy lies at the heart of the relationship between architecture and theory. The philosopher is someone who is always on the road, and yet who can never reach to an ultimate destination. A person engaged in philosophy always goes after various illusions and finds material for questioning in her environment, leading to continuous reproduction. The architect, on the other hand, engages in intellectual production, by coming up with ideas and concepts through the design process. She works on the problems in the environment, and feels an excitement with the development of different routes to thought. Philosophy is also a part of the act of design. Architecture, in contrast, can evolve into a space for the philosopher to develop thought. The intellectual initiatives, which a thinker brings to architects, clarify the concepts by helping locate the architect within the wider