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Ann Arbor, M I 48106 LEARNING MINORITY STATUS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF THE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES OF INDONESIAN-DUTCH PEOPLE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Carol F. Annink, B.A., Drs., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Robert F. Lawson Beverly M. Gordon Advisor M. Eugene Gilliom College of Education Douglas H. Macbeth Copyright by Carol F. Annink 1993 To my Grandmothers Cornelia Frederica Annink-Cortenbach Jantje De Groen-Bos * To my Mother Veronica Girbe Jannie Annink-De Groen * To my Sisters Veronica L. Annink, M. Helen Annink, and Linda Th. Annink 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to ray Indonesian-Dutch respondents in the United States, the Netherlands, and Indonesia, including Dr. Kay Ikranegara. Without their cooperation this study would not have been possible. I also thank them for their friendship and for making me feel welcome in their homes. I express my sincere appreciation to my advisor. Dr. Robert F. Lawson, who has been a true mentor fo r his support and guidance especially during the research and the w riting of this dissertation, fo r always being available when needed, and for his efforts in introducing me to the people and the culture of American Academia. I want to thank Dr. M. Eugene Gilliom fo r his guidance, confidence, and in te g rity throughout my doctoral studies. Dr. Beverly M. Gordon I thank fo r the extraordinary role she in itia lly played in my doctoral studies due to her interest and solidarity with "other" peoples o f color. Thanks also go to Dr. Doug Macbeth for his generosity in terms of time spent guiding me and his contribution to my development in the fields of cultural anthropology and qualitative research. I am also grateful to Dr. Gail McCutcheon and Dr. Merry Merryfield who supported me with th e ir advice, enthusiasm and confidence. I give special thanks to my husband Timothy Scott Lehman fo r his love, respect and pride in my achievements, and to my dear family in the Netherlands, for th e ir unconditional love radiating across the A tlantic. i i i VITA February 28, 1962 ...............................Born- Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1985......................................................... Bachelor’ s degree Pedagogical Sciences University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1988......................................................... Master’ s degree (Drs.) Pedagogical Sciences University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, the Netherlands 1988-198 9................................................Curriculum developer & Educational researcher * University of Amsterdam * Central Netherlands Polytech Inst * Ntl Assn Residential Comm Colleges The Netherlands 1989-present .......................................... Graduate Research & Administrative Associate, Black Studies & College of Education, The Ohio State University 1990......................................................... Master’ s degree Black Studies The Ohio State University IV PUBLICATIONS Rijkschroeff, Boudewijn & Annink, Carol. The Indonesian-Dutch immigrants in the United States of America: A forgotten group? Manuscript submitted fo r publication. Gilliom , M. E., & Annink, Carol F. (1993). Study tours under the microscope: What impact do they re a lly have? Phi Delta Kappan Newsletter. The Ohio State University Chapter, 24(2). Annink, Carol F. (1989). Verslaa van het project: Jonae Miaranten op de Werkolek [Report of project: Young Migrants in the Work Place], Vereniging van Volkshogescholen en Vormingscentra, [Association of Residential Community Colleges], Driebergen, The Netherlands. Annink, Carol F., & Batelaan, Pieter. (1989). Report on the 5th annual conference of the International Association fo r Intercultural Education: "Culture in Transition", (held in Berlin 1988), Council of Europe, Strassbourg, France. Projektgroep Interkultureel Onderwijs. (1989). Verslaa van het Interkultureel Onderwi.is Proiekt. [Report on Intercultural Education Project], Stichting Leraren Opleidingen, (Institute for Teacher Training), Hogeschool Midden Nederland, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Annink, Carol F. (1988). Assim ilatie-, in te rku ltu re e l-, of anti- racisitisch Onderwijs?, [Assimilation, intercultural, or anti-racist education?]. Samenwi.is. Summer 1988. Annink, Carol F. (1987). Assimilatie-. interkultureel-. of anti-racistisch onderwi.is? [Assimilation, in te rcu ltu ra l, or a n ti-ra c is t education?] unpublished Master’ s thesis. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Ledoux, Guuske, Kabdan, Rafet, & Annink, Carol. (1986). Van school naar werk. [From School to Work], Stichting Centrum voor Onderwijs- onderzoek, (Center for Educational Research), U niversiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. FIELD OF STUDY Major fie ld : Education Humanistic foundations Comparative m ulticultural education Minor fie ld s : Curriculum studies - Dr. Beverly M. Gordon Global education - Dr. M. Eugene Gilliom Qualitative Research - Dr. Douglas H. Macbeth TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ....................................................................................................... ü ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................i ü VITA ..................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 Background of the Study ........................................................... I Statement of the Problem ........................................................ 5 Methodology ................................................................................. 6 Site Selection .......................................................................... 8 Definition of Terms.................................................................. 8 Significance of the Study ........................................................ 12 Limitations of the Study ... 13 Overview of the Chapters ........................................................ 16 I I . REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................ 18 Introduction and Overview Chapter ......................................... 18 The Indonesian-Dutch Group .................................................... 20 The Emergence of a New Biracial Group ...................... 20 Indonesian-Dutch Integration ..................................... 23 Indonesian-Dutch Ethnic R evitalization ................... 26 Ethnicity and Ethnic Identity ................................................ 27 The Subjective and Objective Dimensions ................... 28 Ethnic Hierarchy and Ethclass ..................................... 32 Measuring Ethnic Identity ............................................. 34 Indo-Dutch Ethnic Identity, Culture and Assimilation ............................................. 38 Marginal i t y ........................................................................ 41 The Emergence of M ulticultural Education .......................... 47 Postcolonialism ............................................................... 47 The United States ........................................................... 48 Defining M ulticultural Education .............................. 49 Cultural Models and Schooling ..................................... 61 A Framework fo r Analysis ....................................................... 65 VI I I I . METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH DESIGN ............................................ 67 Introduction .............................................................................. 67 The Paradigms ................................................................................68