ANDREWS UNIVERSITY HESHBON EXPEDITION THE FIRST CAMPAIGN AT TELL HESBAN (1968) ROGER S. BORAAS SIEGFRIED H. HORN Upsala College Andrews University East Orange, N.J . Berrien Springs, Mich. Set at the edge of the rolling Moabite plain where wadis begin to cut down sharply to the Jordan valley to the west, TeZZ Hesbdn (Biblical Heshbon) commands a panoramic view to the east, south and west from its topmost elevation of 895 meters above sea level. Located 26 road kilometers southwest of Amman in the Transjordan, it is some 11 kilometers north of the present administrative headquarters for the district, Madeba. Jerusalem lies about 75 kilometers straight off to the west, and on clear mornings one can see the green of Jericho and the waters of the Dead Sea some 30 kilometers west at the bottom of the valley. Access to the modern village is provided by good asphalt roads from both Amman and Madeba.l Since no accurate contour map of the site was available prior to the beginning of the first season's work, the con- formation of the tell can be described only in a general way. Most striking is a rectangular shaped acropolis ca. 40 m. north-south by 30 m. east-west. Surrounding it on all sides is a gradually sloping shelf from ca. 40 to 60 m. wide from which a rapid drop to lower levels is discernible on all sides except the southwest. These two features comprise the main contours visible as one approaches the site and were the prime focus of attention in the first season's excavation (Plate X : A). For location of the site in relation to other centers of culture at various periods, cf. any standard Bible atlas, e.g., H. G. May, ed., Oxford BibEe Atlas (London,1962), pp. 49, 57, 59, 61,63, 65, 69, 73, 77. 7 98 R. S. BORAAS AND S. H. HORN Evidence of ruins continued on a long sloping ridge running southwest from the main tell. This included substantial walls of buildings in various states of disrepair. In addition, this ridge has become the location of the houses of most of the present villagers, built mainly along the access drive from the asphalt road which skirts the tell to the east. Two other general features are noteworthy. The Wadi Hesbh drops rather sharply from the plain north of the site to form a deep cut on the west side of the tell running from north to south, subsequently turning west in its course down to the Jordan valley. Across the wadi is another ridge of the limestone and chert native to the area. Pockmarked with an estimated hundred or more caves (some natural) still being used for animal pens, crop storage and winter dwellings, the ridge is sufficiently high to cut off visibility from the tell to the northwest at a distance approximately a mile from the acropolis. This com- prised the most serious limitation to the excellent pattern of visibility range which enhanced the defense potential of the ancient city. The weather pattern is the two-season climate character- istic of Palestine, dominated by a northwest wind which blew regularly throughout our working season with a definite cooling effect on the sun's heat even at mid-day. That this factor assists in sustaining the agriculture carried on in the surrounding plains is evident even to the casual ~bserver.~ Conspicuous in the assessment of the total resources of the site is the lack of any ample natural sources of fresh water. That compensation in the form of cistern storage facilities should comprise a considerable proportion of ancient con- struction is no more surprising than the extensive use of such facihties by the modern inhabitants. a On a few of our working days the wind was sufficiently strong to impede efficiency. It was felt primaxily by the crews working on the west side of the tell (in dirt-moving operations) and by the architects and photographers (anchoring drawing boards and altitude photo- graphic gear required special precautions). Neshbods Histwy From Literary Sowces The prominence of gesbkvt is well attested in several histor- ical periods from literq evidence available. Heshbon is mentioned first in connection with the Israelite invasion of Transjordan some 40 years after the Exodus. At that time Heshbon was the capital of Sihon, king of the Amo- rites. However, according to Num 21 :26-30, Sihon had ex- pelled the Moabites from Heshbon, hence the Moabites must have been in possession of that city prior to the arrival of the Amorites. This is further confirmed by the fact that in the Pentateuch the area surrounding Heshbon is called "the plain of Moab" or "the land of Moab" (Num 22 :I ; 31 :12 ; 33:48; 36: 13 ; Dt 34: 5, 6). However, in Moses' time the northern border of Moab was the river Arnon, some 40 kilometers south of Heshbon. When the Israelites arrived from Egypt they requested from Sihon of Heshbon permission to travel through his land. When Sihon denied this request a war ensued, which the Amorites lost. In the course of the wax, Heshbon was taken and apparently destroyed; at least the Biblical record speaks of "the children of Reuben" as having built (or rebuilt) Heshbon after the city was allotted to them (Num zr :21-26, 34; 32137;Jos 13115,17). Later, the city seems to have changed hands, for according to Jos zr :38,39, it belonged to the tribe of Gad. The possession by Gad of the Heshbon area is confirmed by King Mesha of the 9th century who claims in the Moabite Stone inscription to have taken the temtory north of the Arnon from the tribe of Gad who had occupied it (lines 10, 11). By the time of Judge Jephthah, Heshbon had been a city in which Levites dwelt (Jos 21 :3g; I Chr 6:81). This brief account of the history of Heshbon as known before excavation began is based on a B.D. thesis presented by Werner Vyhmeister and deposited in the James White Library of Andrews University. A condensation appeared in A USS, VI (1968), r 58-177. I00 R. S, BORAAS AND S. H. HORN In Solomon's time "the country of Sihon, king of the Amorites," in which Heshbon was situated, is mentioned as belonging to one of the districts into which that king organized his realm (I Ki 4 :19). In Canticles "the fishpools of Heshbon, by the gate of Bath-rabbim" (ch. 7 :4) are mentioned. Bath- rabbim seems to have been the name of a city gate. For two centuries the Bible is silent about Heshbon, but in the time of the prophet Isaiah (ca. 700 B.c.) Heshbon, together with Madeba, Elealah, and other cities, which had formerly belonged to Israel, appears to have been in the hands of the Moabites (Is 15:2, 4; 16:8, g). It is possible that the city fell to them as the result of Mesha's conquest of the Gadite territory described on the Moabite Stone, although Heshbon is not mentioned in that inscription. That conquest took place in the second half of the 9th century and preceded Isaiah's prophecy by more than IOO years. In a prophecy of Jeremiah (ch. 48:2, 34, 45) Heshbon shares the prophet's denunciation with other Moabite cities, indicating Moabite possession in the earlier part of Jeremiah's ministry. However, in a later oracle of Jeremiah (ch. 49 :2, 3), Heshbon appears to be an Ammonite city, having apparently changed hands during Jeremiah's life. How and when this happened is uncertain, but it has been suggested that Eze 25 :9, 10 casts light on this event. This passage refers to an invasion of eastern tribes and of the Ammonites, in con- nection with which Heshbon may have fallen into their hands. During the Hellenistic period a strong Jewish population developed in Transjordan. In order to bring this region into the Jewish state founded by the Maccabees, their rulers- Jonathan in 147 and John Hyrcanus in 129-annexed terri- tories beyond the Jordan. The last mentioned king captured Madeba (Jos., A&. xiii. 9.1).Although Heshbon is not rnention- ed in the records dealing with these wars, there can be little doubt that it must have come into the possession of John Hyrcanus at that time, because it is listed among the cities of Moab that were in Jewish hands soon after, namely during the reign of Alexander Jannaeus, who ruled from 103-76 (ibid., 15.4). During the time of Herod the Great (40-4), Esbus-as Heshbon was then called-became a fsrtress city guarding HerodJs kingdom against the Nabataeans in Transjordan. At the outbreak of the Jewish-Roman war in A. D. 66 the city was sacked by the Jews (Jos., War, ii. 18.1), but it does not seem to have been held by the Jewish rebels for any length of time. After Emperor Trajan dissolved the Nabataean kingdom in A.D. 106, Esbus became part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea. In the third century it was even allowed by the Emperor Elagabalus to coin its own money. At what time Esbus became a Christian city is not known, but that it was the seat of a Christian bishop in the 4th century is attested by the records of the Council of Nicaea in 325, which repeatedly mention Bishop Gennadius of Esbus. Again the acts of the Council of Ephesus, held in 431,mention a bishop of Esbus whose name was Zosus. At that time the bishop of Esbus seems to have been subject to the patriarch of Antioch.