Arc Heritage Transforming the Trent Valley: Cultural Heritage Audit Report ArcHeritage 2017 Transforming the Trent Valley: Cultural Heritage Audit ArcHeritage Campo House, 54 Campo Lane, Sheffield, S1 2EG Phone: +44 (0)114 2728884 Fax: +44 (0)114 327979 3 [email protected] www.archeritage.co.uk Key Project Information Project Name Transforming the Trent Valley Cultural Heritage Audit Report Title Transforming the Trent Valley Cultural Heritage Audit Report status Final ArcHeritage Project No. 1098 Type of Project Cultural Heritage Audit Client Transforming the Trent Valley Steering Group NGR SK 2310 2200 (centred) Author Rowan May Illustrations Rowan May and Laura Strafford Editor Glyn Davies & David Knight Report Number and Date 201 7/70 21 st Nov ember 2017 Version and filename TTTV CHA v 2-3.docx Copyright Declaration: ArcHeritage give permission for the material presented within this report to be used by the archives/repository with which it is deposited, in perpetuity, although ArcHeritage retains the right to be identified as the author of all project documentation and reports, as specified in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (chapter IV, section 79). 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A Registered Charity in England & Wales (No. 09060) and Scotland (No. SCO42846) i CONTENTS Executive summary ....................................................................................................... iv 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 2 Study area location & geology ................................................................................. 1 3 Aims and methodology ........................................................................................... 3 3.1 Aims....................................................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 3 4 Summary by period ................................................................................................. 8 4.1 Early prehistoric (500,000 to 4000 BC) ................................................................................. 8 4.2 Later prehistoric (4000 BC to AD 43)................................................................................... 11 4.3 Roman (AD 43 to 450) ......................................................................................................... 16 4.4 Early medieval (450 to 1065) .............................................................................................. 17 4.5 Medieval (1066 to 1485) ..................................................................................................... 19 4.6 Post-medieval (1485 to 1750) ............................................................................................. 21 4.7 Industrial (1750 to 1900) ..................................................................................................... 22 4.8 Modern (1901 to present)................................................................................................... 24 5 Cultural heritage themes ....................................................................................... 27 5.1 Evolution of the river valley landscape ............................................................................... 27 5.2 Settlement evolution .......................................................................................................... 31 5.3 The spread of agriculture .................................................................................................... 36 5.4 Ritual and religion ............................................................................................................... 39 5.5 The development of transport networks ............................................................................ 44 5.6 Elite landscapes ................................................................................................................... 47 5.7 Key industries of the valley ................................................................................................. 52 5.8 The 20 th century military landscape .................................................................................... 53 6 Heritage at risk ..................................................................................................... 56 6.1 Summary of assets assessed as being at risk ...................................................................... 56 6.2 Risk factors .......................................................................................................................... 57 6.3 Priority sites for conservation ............................................................................................. 58 7 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 60 8 References ............................................................................................................ 60 9 Glossary ............................................................................................................... 63 Figures......................................................................................................................... 64 Appendix 1: Heritage at risk & priority sites .................................................................. 65 Transforming the Trent Valley Cultural Heritage Audit Report No 2017/70 ii Figures Figure 1: Site location Figure 2: Plan showing designated sites Figure 3: Distribution of early prehistoric sites Figure 4: Distribution of later prehistoric sites Figure 5: Distribution of Roman sites Figure 6: Distribution of early medieval sites Figure 7: Distribution of medieval sites Figure 8: Distribution of post-medieval sites Figure 9: Distribution of industrial period sites Figure 10: Mapped palaeochannels within the study area Figure 11: Distribution of settlement sites by period (prehistoric to medieval) Figure 12: Distribution of settlement sites by period (post-medieval to modern) Figure 13: Distribution of agricultural sites by period Figure 14: Distribution of religious, ritual and funerary sites by category Figure 15: Distribution of religious, ritual and funerary sites by period Figure 16: Post-medieval to modern transport network Figure 17: Medieval to industrial period elite landscapes Figure 18: Distribution of industry sites by type Figure 19: Distribution of 20 th -century military sites Figure 20: Sites on Historic England's Heritage at Risk register Figure 21: Distribution of all sites identified as at risk Figure 22: Location of priority sites for conservation Plates Plate 1: Idealised transverse section through the Middle Trent river terrace sequence ............................... 2 Plate 2: Flint and quartzite handaxes from Willington gravel pits (asset 3100) .............................................. 9 Plate 3: Early Mesolithic flint tools from Swarkestone Lowes (asset 2535) .................................................. 10 Plate 4: Catholme ceremonial complex cropmarks, enclosed by later pit alignments ................................. 12 Plate 5: Swarkestone Lowes western barrow, viewed facing north .............................................................. 13 Plate 6: Earthwork remains of Ryknield Street in Beans Covert, Branston (asset 2385) .............................. 16 Plate 7: St Wilfrid's Church, Egginton, 14 th -century and later ........................................................................ 20 Plate 8: The 17 th -century Sudbury Hall (asset 2897) ...................................................................................... 21 Plate 9: Fradley Junction on the Trent and Mersey Canal and Coventry Canal (asset 1291) ....................... 22 Plate 10: Ind Coope Burton Brewery (asset 1750), Station Street, Burton-upon-Trent ............................... 23 Plate 11: WW2 pillbox (asset 1518) on the Clay Mills canal aqueduct (asset 2651) .................................... 24 Plate 12: Reused Nissen hut to the east of School Lane, Sudbury (asset 1244) ..........................................