January 25, 2011 u vol. 108 u no. 4 u 1195–1746 Cover image: Pictured is a scanning electron microscope image that shows wild-type Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (green) attached to the surface of cultured HeLa cells. Pathogenic Yersinia species use a type III secretion system (T3SS) to translocate virulence proteins into the cytosol of target cells. Karen Akopyan et al. demonstrate that the putative one-step T3SS translocation can be accomplished in vitro via two steps that are mediated by intermediate extracellular effector proteins. See the article by Akopyan et al. on pages 1639–1644. Image courtesy of Roland Rosqvist, Per Hörstedt, and Karen Akopyan (Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden); and Stefan Gunnarsson (Uppsala University, Uppsala). From the Cover 1639 Translocating virulence proteins 1246 Contaminants in Vietnam’s deep aquifers 1451 Animal models of preeclampsia 1484 Evolving gene promiscuity 1490 Mating behavior and sperm design Contents INAUGURAL ARTICLES 1201 mut-16 and other mutator class genes modulate 22G and 26G siRNA pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans THIS WEEK IN PNAS Chi Zhang, Taiowa A. Montgomery, Harrison W. Gabel, Sylvia E. J. Fischer, Carolyn M. Phillips, Noah Fahlgren, Christopher M. Sullivan, James C. Carrington, 1195 In This Issue and Gary Ruvkun 1209 Symmetry, asymmetry, and kinetics of silencing establishment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed LETTERS (ONLINE ONLY) by single-cell optical assays Erin A. Osborne, Yasushi Hiraoka, and Jasper Rine E12 Implications of allometry David L. Skole, Jay H. Samek, and Michael J. Smalligan E13 Reply to Skole et al.: Regarding high-resolution carbon stocks and emissions in the Amazon PHYSICAL SCIENCES Gregory P. Asner, Joseph Mascaro, John K. Clark, and George Powell CHEMISTRY 1217 Rare excitatory amino acid from flowers of zonal geranium responsible for paralyzing the Japanese beetle Christopher M. Ranger, Rudolph E. Winter, Ajay P. Singh, COMMENTARIES Michael E. Reding, Jonathan M. Frantz, James C. Locke, and Charles R. Krause 1197 Preeclampsia: Animal models for a human cure Mira Aubuchon, Laura C. Schulz, and Danny J. Schust 1222 Kinetics and mechanistic analysis of an extremely rapid See companion article on page 1451 carbon dioxide fixation reaction Deguang Huang, Olga V. Makhlynets, Lay Ling Tan, 1199 Evolving promiscuously Sonny C. Lee, Elena V. Rybak-Akimova, and R. H. Holm Dan I. Andersson See companion article on page 1484 1228 Nonheme oxo-iron(IV) intermediates form an oxyl radical upon approaching the C–H bond activation transition state Free online through the PNAS open access option. Shengfa Ye and Frank Neese PNAS u January 25, 2011 u vol. 108 u no. 4 u iii–viii Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 1284 Crystallographic and online spectral evidence for role ANTHROPOLOGY of conformational change and conserved water in 1267 Late Pleistocene adult mortality patterns and modern cytochrome oxidase proton pump human establishment Jian Liu, Ling Qin, and Shelagh Ferguson-Miller Erik Trinkaus 1326 Ligand binding to protein-binding pockets with wet and dry regions APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Lingle Wang, B. J. Berne, and R. A. Friesner 1272 Therapeutic enzyme deimmunization by combinatorial T-cell epitope removal using neutral drift COMPUTER SCIENCES Jason R. Cantor, Tae Hyeon Yoo, Aakanksha Dixit, 1234 Morphological change in machines accelerates the Brent L. Iverson, Thomas G. Forsthuber, evolution of robust behavior and George Georgiou Josh Bongard 1278 Stress-induced evolution of Escherichia coli points to original concepts in respiratory cofactor selectivity ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Clément Auriol, Gwénaëlle Bestel-Corre, Jean-Baptiste 1240 Spring temperature change and its implication in the Claude, Philippe Soucaille, and Isabelle Meynial-Salles change of vegetation growth in North America from 1982 to 2006 Xuhui Wang, Shilong Piao, Philippe Ciais, Junsheng Li, BIOCHEMISTRY Pierre Friedlingstein, Charlie Koven, and Anping Chen 1284 Crystallographic and online spectral evidence for role of conformational change and conserved water in 1246 Arsenic pollution of groundwater in Vietnam cytochrome oxidase proton pump exacerbated by deep aquifer exploitation for Jian Liu, Ling Qin, and Shelagh Ferguson-Miller more than a century Lenny H. E. Winkel, Pham Thi Kim Trang, Vi Mai Lan, 1290 Archaeal 3′-phosphate RNA splicing ligase Caroline Stengel, Manouchehr Amini, Nguyen Thi Ha, characterization identifies the missing Pham Hung Viet, and Michael Berg component in tRNA maturation Markus Englert, Kelly Sheppard, Aaron Aslanian, 1474 Widespread crown condition decline, food web John R. Yates III, and Dieter Söll disruption, and amplified tree mortality with increased climate change-type drought 1296 Splitting of H3–H4 tetramers at transcriptionally active Jofre Carnicer, Marta Coll, Miquel Ninyerola, Xavier Pons, genes undergoing dynamic histone exchange Gerardo Sánchez, and Josep Peñuelas Yael Katan-Khaykovich and Kevin Struhl 1302 Structural and mechanistic insight into covalent GEOPHYSICS substrate binding by Escherichia coli 1252 Prediction of a hexagonal SiO2 phase affecting stabilities dihydroxyacetone kinase of MgSiO3 and CaSiO3 at multimegabar pressures Rong Shi, Laura McDonald, Qizhi Cui, Allan Matte, Taku Tsuchiya and Jun Tsuchiya Miroslaw Cygler, and Irena Ekiel 1308 An intrinsically disordered C terminus allows the La PHYSICS protein to assist the biogenesis of diverse noncoding 1256 Violation of the Leggett–Garg inequality with weak RNA precursors measurements of photons Nathan J. Kucera, Michael E. Hodsdon, and Sandra L. Wolin M. E. Goggin, M. P. Almeida, M. Barbieri, B. P. Lanyon, J. L. O’Brien, A. G. White, and G. J. Pryde 1314 Atomic structure of a nanobody-trapped domain- swapped dimer of an amyloidogenic β2-microglobulin variant Katarzyna Domanska, Saskia Vanderhaegen, Vasundara SOCIAL SCIENCES Srinivasan, Els Pardon, Florine Dupeux, Jose A. Marquez, Sofia Giorgetti, Monica Stoppini, Lode Wyns, Vittorio Bellotti, and Jan Steyaert PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES 1262 Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism 1320 Importance of single molecular determinants in the fi Carsten K. W. De Dreu, Lindred L. Greer, Gerben A. delity of expanded genetic codes Van Kleef, Shaul Shalvi, and Michel J. J. Handgraaf Alicja K. Antonczak, Zuzana Simova, Isaac T. Yonemoto, Matthias Bochtler, Anna Piasecka, Honorata Czapinska, Andrea Brancale, and Eric M. Tippmann BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 1234 Morphological change in machines accelerates the evolution of robust behavior fl 1217 Rare excitatory amino acid from owers of zonal Josh Bongard geranium responsible for paralyzing the Japanese beetle Christopher M. Ranger, Rudolph E. Winter, Ajay P. Singh, 1326 Ligand binding to protein-binding pockets with Michael E. Reding, Jonathan M. Frantz, James C. Locke, wet and dry regions and Charles R. Krause Lingle Wang, B. J. Berne, and R. A. Friesner iv u www.pnas.org Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 1331 High-pressure EPR reveals conformational equilibria and 1397 Inducible formation of breast cancer stem cells and their volumetric properties of spin-labeled proteins dynamic equilibrium with non-stem cancer cells via John McCoy and Wayne L. Hubbell IL6 secretion Dimitrios Iliopoulos, Heather A. Hirsch, Guannan Wang, 1337 Auto-inhibitory role of the EF-SAM domain of STIM and Kevin Struhl proteins in store-operated calcium entry Le Zheng, Peter B. Stathopulos, Rainer Schindl, 1403 Bile acid stimulates hepatocyte polarization through Guang-Yao Li, Christoph Romanin, a cAMP-Epac-MEK-LKB1-AMPK pathway and Mitsuhiko Ikura Dong Fu, Yoshiyuki Wakabayashi, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, and Irwin M. Arias 1343 Lipid packing drives the segregation of transmembrane 1409 Suppression of leukemia development caused by helices into disordered lipid domains in PTEN loss model membranes Wei Guo, Suzanne Schubbert, James Y. Chen, Lars V. Schäfer, Djurre H. de Jong, Andrea Holt, Bahram Valamehr, Sherly Mosessian, Hubing Shi, Andrzej J. Rzepiela, Alex H. de Vries, Bert Poolman, Nhi H. Dang, Consuelo Garcia, Mariana F. Theodoro, J. Antoinette Killian, and Siewert J. Marrink Marileila Varella-Garcia, and Hong Wu 1349 Conformation of peptides bound to the transporter 1415 Phosphorylation of glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetase by associated with antigen processing (TAP) cyclin-dependent kinase 5 dictates transcript-selective Meike Herget, Christoph Baldauf, Christian Schölz, translational control David Parcej, Karl-Heinz Wiesmüller, Robert Tampé, Abul Arif, Jie Jia, Robyn A. Moodt, Paul E. DiCorleto, Rupert Abele, and Enrica Bordignon and Paul L. Fox 1355 Structural basis for scaffolding-mediated assembly and 1421 Direct evidence for functional smooth muscle myosin II maturation of a dsDNA virus in the 10S self-inhibited monomeric conformation in Dong-Hua Chen, Matthew L. Baker, Corey F. Hryc, Frank airway smooth muscle cells DiMaio, Joanita Jakana, Weimin Wu, Matthew Dougherty, Deanna L. Milton, Amy N. Schneck, Dominique A. Ziech, Cameron Haase-Pettingell, Michael F. Schmid, Wen Jiang, Mariam Ba, Kevin C. Facemyer, Andrew J. Halayko, David Baker, Jonathan A. King, and Wah Chiu Jonathan E. Baker, William T. Gerthoffer, and Christine R. Cremo 1361 Natural tri- to hexapeptides self-assemble in water to amyloid β-type fiber aggregates by unexpected 1427 Nrf2-mediated induction of p62 controls Toll-like – α-helical intermediate structures receptor-4 driven aggresome-like induced structure Charlotte A. E. Hauser, Rensheng Deng, Archana Mishra,