RESPONSE OF Aedes albopictus (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) TO TRAPS, ATTRACTANTS, AND ADULTICIDES IN NORTH CENTRAL FLORIDA By DAVID FRANKLIN HOEL A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by David Franklin Hoel To my wife, Joyce; my son, Michael; my daughter, Caroline; and my mother ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I greatly appreciate the Naval Medical and Education and Training Command’s Duty Under Instruction program, for giving me this unique opportunity to pursue a Doctor of Philosophy degree in entomology. This has been my most rewarding educational experience yet. The staff at the United States Department of Agriculture Animal Research Service (USDA ARS), and the Department of Entomology and Nematology provided outstanding support in both personnel and material. They provided for all my research needs and made feel welcome and a part of their team. My supervisory committee is an exceptional group of scientists. Dr. Daniel Kline helped me immensely and guided me soundly through all my research. He provided separate office space, vehicles, materials, lab use, and guidance for all areas of my research as needed and sometimes on very short notice. I can’t thank him enough for all he has done. In addition, he always made time to talk about anything I brought to him regardless of subject. He made me feel like a member of his lab. I have the same feelings for Dr. Jerry Butler who served as a mentor, teacher, and friend during my stay at the University of Florida. In addition, I thank him for his sacrifice of joining my committee even as his retirement was approaching and better things lay ahead for him than laboring over one more graduate student. He and his wife Marilyn have been fun to visit with and always friendly. I gratefully acknowledge Dr. Sandy Allan’s support in all things pertaining to the USDA ARS facilities that I used under her supervision. She was a tremendous help and very forgiving when my little subjects escaped and tormented both iv her and the work staff in the mosquito-rearing facility. Many thanks go to Dr. Steve Valles and Dr. Jack Petersen, both toxicologists, for their guidance and the use of their equipment in my resistance studies. Many others in the Department of Entomology and Nematology and at the USDA ARS deserve special mention. I thank my graduate advisor (Dr. Don Hall) for letting me use his property for my studies and for his overall friendliness and kindness to me while I was there. Dr. Grover Smart, who preceded Dr. Hall, was also kind and helpful. I extend sincere thanks to one of the most helpful and best administrators I’ve ever met: Mrs. Debbie Hall, graduate staff of the Entomology and Nematology Department at the University of Florida (UF). She helped me quickly through my administrative headaches and was also a good friend. Two of my professors deserve special thanks here: Dr. Pauline Lawrence and Dr. Simon Yu taught excellent classes, always had time for questions and visits, and guided me through the difficult subjects of insect physiology and toxicology, respectively. Dr. Gene Gerberg took the time to befriend me, share his rich knowledge and stories of Army entomology, and introduced me to many of his professional associates in the vector and pest control industries. I am indebted to a number of people at USDA ARS Gainesville. Dr. Kline’s laboratory crew (Joyce Urban and Aaron Lloyd) were a tremendous help and among my best friends while I was in Gainesville. They helped me in most aspects of my research, providing support with material, large outdoor cage use, and administrative functions. Dr. Uli Bernier provided lab space for my resistance studies and listened patiently and sympathetically as I whined about Gator football losses to Florida State University. v Thanks go to Dr. Jerry Hogsette for the use of his property in my research, and to Genie White for help with the SAS program. Mosquito control collaborators for my susceptibility study included Ms. Marah Clark of the City of Jacksonville; Mr. Pat Morgan of Indian River Mosquito Control District; Mr. Billy Kelner, Citrus County Mosquito Control District; Ms. Jodi Avila, UF graduate student working in Quincy; and Bill Johnson and Julie Player of Escambia County Mosquito and Rodent Management Division. I give heartfelt thanks to all of them for their help. I was able to return to graduate school partly because of the encouragement and support of Commander Michael O. Mann and Captain Jim Need, both excellent Navy entomologists who are now retired (and Florida Gators too!!). I owe them both a special debt of gratitude for making this opportunity possible, but for helping me toward my career as a Navy entomologist, and for being 2 of the best Commanding Officers I’ve had since I’ve been in the Navy. Special thanks are in order for Dr. Jim Olson of Texas A&M University who started me along the path of medical entomology and has been my most important mentor for the last 20 years. May God bless him for his patience, friendship, and support. Looking back over it all, I think he was the best of the best and I will always remember all that he did for me. My parents, Patricia and Frank Hoel, always encouraged me to work hard and to excel in my educational endeavors. I love them both and think of them everyday. Their investment in time and love paid big dividends in my life. vi Most of all, I thank my wife Joyce for her never-ending support and love for me during this very busy and trying period of my life. She has been a wonderful mother to our 2 angels, Michael and Caroline, and kept our lives sane and in order while I was away from home with my work and studies. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ xii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW OF MOSQUITO TRAPS, ATTRACTANTS, AND ADULTICIDES USED TO CONTROL Aedes albopictus..........................................1 Introduction to Aedes albopictus ..................................................................................1 Ecology of Aedes albopictus .................................................................................2 Distribution............................................................................................................3 Significance of Aedes albopictus in Florida..........................................................5 Medical Significance.............................................................................................6 Literature Review of Mosquito Attractants ..................................................................9 Classification of Mosquito Attractants..................................................................9 Host-Seeking Activity of Mosquitoes .................................................................10 Visual Attractants of Mosquitoes ........................................................................11 Chemical Attractants of Mosquitoes ...................................................................18 Physical Attractants of Mosquitoes.....................................................................21 Introduction to Surveillance and Residential Traps Used for Mosquito Surveillance and Control.........................................................................................24 Carbon Dioxide-Supplemented Traps .................................................................25 Carbon Dioxide-Generating (Propane) Traps .....................................................30 Introduction to Aedes albopictus Adulticide Susceptibility Review ..........................32 Research Objectives....................................................................................................34 2 Aedes albopictus RESPONSE TO ADULT MOSQUITO TRAPS IN LARGE- CAGE TRIALS ..........................................................................................................36 Introduction.................................................................................................................36 Materials and Methods ...............................................................................................39 Large Outdoor-Screened Cages...........................................................................39 Mosquitoes ..........................................................................................................40 viii Description of Traps Tested ................................................................................41 Surveillance Traps...............................................................................................42 Residential Traps.................................................................................................43 Statistical Analysis ..............................................................................................47 Results.........................................................................................................................47 Discussion...................................................................................................................49