arsenal Research, Austria TKTI, Lithuania www.arsenal.ac.at www.tkti.lt BRRC, Belgium INRR, Luxembourg www.brrc.be RWS DWW, Netherlands CRBL, Bulgaria www.minvenw.nl/rws/dww IGH, Croatia NPRA, Norway www.igh.hr www.vegvesen.no VIENNAV I E N N A CDV, Czech Republic IBDiM, Poland www.cdv.cz www.ibdim.edu.pl DRI, Denmark LNEC, Portugal www.roadinstitute.dk www-ext.lnec.pt Sustainable road TECER, Estonia CESTRIN, Romania surfaces for traffic www.teed.ee www.cestrin.ro CESTRIN ITALGRIP s.r.l. noise control ROADS SAFETY BY SURFACE TREATMENT LCPC, France IP,Serbia-Montenegro www.lcpc.fr www.highway.co.yu BASt, Germany VUD,Slovakia www.bast.de www.vud.sk ZAG,Slovenia KEDE, Greece www.zag.si KTI, Hungary CEDEX, Spain www.kti.hu www.cedex.es GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR THE IMPEMENTATION OF LOW-NOISE ROAD SURFACES ROAD OF LOW-NOISE THE IMPEMENTATION FOR GUIDANCE MANUAL PRA, Iceland VTI, Sweden www.vegagerdin.is www.vti.se NRA, Ireland LAVOC, Switzerland www.nra.ie lavoc.epfl.ch Guidance Manual for the FEHRL REPORT 2006/02 - ANAS, Italy TRL, United Kingdom Implementation of Low-Noise www.enteanas.it www.trl.co.uk Road Surfaces S VALST IJA S C V E T L A I L LAD, Latvia L A www.fehrl.org S T D V www.lad.lv A I J O A R S E S T T A FEHRL OVERVIEW FEHRL is a registered International Association with a permanent Secretariat based in Brussels. Formed in 1989 as the Forum of European National Highway Research Laboratories, FEHRL is governed by the Directors of each of the national institutes. At present, FEHRL comprises twenty-nine national laboratories from the member states in the European Union, the EFTA countries and the rest of Europe. Under the day-to-day management of the Executive Committee,FEHRL is engaged in research topics including road safety, materials, environmental issues, telematics and economic evaluation. Research capacity is provided by the national institutes and makes use of the wide range of test facilities available. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The mission of FEHRL is to promote and facilitate collaboration between its insti- tutes and provide high quality information and advice to governments, the European Commission, the road industry and road users on technologies and poli- cies related to roads. The objectives of collaborative research are: - to provide input to EU and national government policy on highway infras- tructure - to create and maintain an efficient and safe road network in Europe - to increase the competitiveness of European road construction and road- using industries - to improve the energy efficiency of highway construction and maintenance - to protect the environment and improve quality of life FEHRL Report 2006/02 Guidance manual for the implementation of low-noise road surfaces FEHRL Report 2006/02 Guidance manual for the implementation of low-noise road surfaces i This Guidance Manual has been prepared as part of the EU Fifth Framework Project “SILVIA – Sustainable Road Surfaces for Traffic Noise Control”. SILVIA was initiated by FEHRL, with the leadership designated to the Belgian Road Research Centre (Mr Guy Descornet). This document is dedicated to Mr Rod Addis, the former Secretary-General of FEHRL, whose untimely death in 2004 prevented him from seeing the successful conclusion of the project which he so ably supported. The project consortium brings together 15 partners from both FEHRL and other organisations. Bundesanstalt für Strassenwesen (Federal Highway Research Institute), Germany (BASt) Belgian Road Research Centre, Belgium (BRRC) Dutch Information and Technology Platform for Infrastructure, Traffic, Transport and Public Space, The Netherlands (CROW) Danish Road Institute, Denmark (Subcontractor for Danmarks Transport Forskning [DTF, Danish Transport Research Institute]) (DRI) Dienst Weg- en Waterbouwkunde (Road and Hydraulic Engineering Institute), The Netherlands (DWW) Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Sécurité (National Institute For Transport And Safety Research), France (INRETS) ItalGrip, Italy (ITALGRIP) Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (Public Works Research Laboratory), France (LCPC) M + P Raadgevende Ingenieurs bv, The Netherlands (M+P) Skanska, Sweden (SKANSKA) Transportøkonomisk Institutt (Institute of Transport Economics), Norway (TØI) Transport Research Laboratory, United Kingdom (TRL) Gdansk University of Technology, Poland (TUG) Technische Universität Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Austria (TUW) Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Sweden (VTI) FEHRL FEHRL Report 2006/02 Guidance manual for the implementation of low-noise road surfaces iii FEHRL REPORT 2006/02 Title : Guidance manual for the implementation of low-noise road surfaces Editor: Phil Morgan (TRL) Main Contributors: Phil Abbott (TRL) Bent Andersen (DRI) Fabienne Anfosso-Ledee (LCPC) Wolfram Bartolomaeus (BASt) Hans Bendtsen (DRI) Gijsjan van Blokland (M+P) Guy Descornet (BRRC) Marc Eijbersen (CROW) Jerzy Ejsmont (TUG) Jürgen Haberl (TUW) Jean-Francois Hamet (INRETS) Piotr Mioduszewski (TUG) Roger Nilsson (SKANSKA) Cristo Padmos (DWW) Ernst Pucher (TUW) Chiel Roovers (M+P) Ulf Sandberg (VTI) Nina Sliwa (BASt) Knut Veisten (TOI) WillemJan van Vliet (DWW) Greg Watts (TRL) Keywords: Noise, Road, Pavement, Guidance, Classification Although FEHRL has done its best to ensure that any information given is accurate, no liability or responsibility of any kind (including liability of negligence) is accepted in this respect by FEHRL, its members of its agents. © FEHRL 2006 ISSN 1362-6019 ISBN 90-9020404-0 / 978-90-9020404-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of FEHRL. FEHRL Secretariat: S. Phillips Boulevard de la Woluwe, 42 Bte 3, B-1200 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 2 775 82 38 Fax: +32 2 775 82 29 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.fehrl.org FEHRL FEHRL Report 2006/02 Guidance manual for the implementation of low-noise road surfaces v Contents 1 Introduction................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of the chapters in the Guidance Manual 5 PART 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION .......................................................................... 9 2 The evaluation of noise ............................................................................................. 11 2.1 Physical measures 11 2.2 Perception 12 2.3 Annoyance 14 3 Overview of vehicle and tyre/road noise ................................................................. 17 3.1 The sources of vehicle noise 17 3.2 The generation and propagation of tyre/road noise 18 3.3 The characterisation of road surfaces 23 PART 2: OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LOW-NOISE SURFACES....................................... 33 4 Review of existing low-noise surfaces.................................................................... 35 4.1 Open graded and gap-graded asphalt surfaces 35 4.2 Cement concrete surface treatments 52 4.3 Summary of the effects of low-noise road surfaces 63 5 Review of existing construction and maintenance techniques............................ 69 5.1 Existing production/construction techniques 69 5.2 Maintenance on porous asphalt 76 5.3 Maintenance of concrete pavements 79 5.4 Rejuvenators 82 5.5 Cleaning methods 83 5.6 Winter maintenance operations 85 5.7 Recycling of surface courses 89 6 Prospects for the further development of low-noise surfaces............................. 93 6.1 Experimental surfaces and surfaces currently under development 93 6.2 Optimising the acoustic performance of low-noise surfaces 100 6.3 Optimising the structural and serviceability performance of low-noise surfaces 103 6.4 Development work on low-noise surfaces carried out within SILVIA 109 FEHRL FEHRL Report 2006/02 vi Guidance manual for the implementation of low-noise road surfaces PART 3: SPECIFYING THE PERFORMANCE OF LOW-NOISE SURFACES..............125 7 Overview of measurement methods for acoustic labelling and COP ................127 7.1 Direct measurements of acoustic performance 127 7.2 Measurements of indirect acoustic performance and other parameters 128 8 Overview of additional methods used in the SILVIA project...............................129 8.1 Mechanical impedance measurements 129 8.2 Rolling resistance measurements 129 8.3 Airflow resistance measurements 130 9 Proposals for a noise classification procedure ....................................................131 9.1 Reasons behind the need for a classification system 131 9.2 Requirements for the classification system 132 9.3 Labelling procedures in the classification system 133 9.4 Examples of existing national road surface classification and/or procurement systems 135 PAR T 4: QUANTIFYING THE BENEFITS OF LOW-NOISE SURFACES ......................137 10 Safety and sustainability benefits of low-noise surfaces....................................139 10.1 Safety aspects of low noise road surfaces 139 10.2 Impacts on sustainability 144 11 Cost benefit analysis ................................................................................................149 11.1 Introduction 149 11.2 Description of the calculation method 149 11.3 Example of CBA using the spreadsheet 151 11.4 Summary 162 PART 5: THE PERFORMANCE OF LOW-NOISE SURFACES......................................163 12 Factors affecting the performance of low-noise surfaces...................................165 12.1 Roadside