United States Department of Agriculture Personal, Societal, and Forest Service Ecological Values of Rocky Mountain Research Station Wilderness: Sixth World Proceedings RMRS-P-4 Wilderness Congress October 1998 Proceedings on Research, Management, and Allocation, Volume I Abstract Watson, Alan E.; Aplet, Greg H.; Hendee, John C., comps. 1998. Personal, societal, and ecological values of wilderness: Sixth World Wilderness Congress proceedings on research, management, and allocation, volume I; 1997 October; Bangalore, India. Proc. RMRS-P-4. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 158 p. The papers contained in Volume I of these Proceedings were originally scheduled for presentation at the Sixth World Wilderness Congress in Bangalore, India, in 1997. Due to a delay of the Congress until 1998, these 27 papers were compiled for publication prior to presentation. Volumes I and II contain papers covering seven topics: protected area systems: challenges, solutions, and changes; opportunities and challenges of wilderness as a basis for sustainable development; understanding and protecting biodiversity; human values and meanings of wilderness; wilderness for personal growth; understanding threats and services related to wilderness resources; and the future of wilderness: challenges of planning, management, training, and research. Keywords: biodiversity, protected areas, tourism, economics, recreation, wildlife The Compilers Alan E. Watson is a Research Social Scientist, USDA Forest Service, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, and Executive Editor for Science, the International Journal of Wilderness. The Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute is an interagency (Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey) unit administered by the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. The Leopold Institute is located on the campus of the University of Montana, Missoula. Dr. Watson’s research interests are primarily in wilder- ness experience quality, including the influences of conflict, solitude, visitor impacts, and recreation fees. E-mail: awatson/[email protected] Gregory H. Aplet is a Forest Ecologist in The Wilderness Society’s Denver office, where he analyzes ecological aspects of federal land management policy. Greg has worked as an Assistant Professor and Research Associate in the Department of Forest Sciences, Colorado State University (1990 to 1991), as a Post-doctoral Research Affiliate in the Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University (1988 to 1989), and as a lecturer in the Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Hilo (1988). He is the author of several publications on the dynamics of Rocky Mountain and Hawaiian forests, the ecology of biological invasions, and the conservation of biological diversity. E-mail: [email protected] John C. Hendee is both Professor and Director, University of Idaho Wilderness Research Center, Editor in Chief, International Journal of Wilderness, and Vice President for Science and Education, The WILD Foundation. Dr. Hendee’s research interests include the use of wilderness for personal growth and wilderness management. E-mail: [email protected] Rocky Mountain Research Station (formerly Intermountain Research Station) 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 Preface scheduled for presentation to this audience. Many of The World Wilderness Congress first met in South these presentations (both oral and poster) will be in- Africa in 1977, followed by meetings in Australia (1980), cluded in the second volume of this proceedings, to be Scotland (1983), United States of America (1987), and published in 1999. All of these papers expand interna- Norway (1993). The Sixth World Wilderness Congress, tional understanding and knowledge about public atti- originally scheduled for October 1997, in Bangalore, tudes, programs, and needs for protected area systems. India, was postponed until 1998 due to political con- We hope that the knowledge compiled here emits a siderations within India during the preceding summer. challenge to the world’s population to take action to While there was tremendous disappointment felt by all adequately protect the Earth’s precious remnants of who had planned on attending, the information to be naturalness. presented there was still very much in demand. For that The Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, The reason, this “Volume I” proceedings includes some of Wilderness Society, the University of Idaho, and the the papers planned for presentation in the symposium WILD Foundation are proud to cooperate in compiling entitled “Personal, Societal, and Ecological Values of and distributing these two volumes of papers. We Wilderness: Sixth World Wilderness Congress Sympo- thank the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Re- sium on Research, Management, and Allocation.” search Station Publishing Services Staff for an out- Most of these papers will be presented at the re- standing job of editing and publishing this proceedings. scheduled Congress, October 24-29, 1998, in Bangalore. Every paper in this proceedings received peer edit by Some 50 additional papers will be presented on far two of the compilers, and all copyrights are released ranging topics from scientists, managers, planners, aca- “…so that all audiences will have unlimited access to the demics, nongovernmental and membership association information.” executives, and individuals from every continent of the world. And, at least 25 poster presentations are also The Compilers, October 1998 You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. Please specify the publication title and Proceedings number. Ogden Service Center Fort Collins Service Center Telephone (801) 625-5437 (970) 498-1719 FAX (801) 625-5129, Attn: Publications (970) 498-1660 E-mail pubs/[email protected] rschneider/[email protected] Web site http://www.xmission.com/~rmrs http://www.xmission.com/~rmrs Mailing Address Publications Distribution Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Research Station Rocky Mountain Research Station 324 25th Street 3825 E. Mulberry Street Ogden, UT 84401 U.S.A. Fort Collins, CO 80524 U.S.A. Pesticide Precautionary Statement This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. CAUTION: PESTICIDES The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or any product or service Contents Page I. Protected Area Systems: Challenges, Solutions, and Changes Paul R. Dingwall Implementing an Environmental Management Regime in Antarctica ........................... 1 N. G. Solomonov Regional Features of the System of Specially Protected Areas in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) .......................................................................................... 6 David Ostergren Protected Areas in Russia: Management Goals, Current Status, and Future Evgeny Shvarts Prospects of Russian Zapovedniki ........................................................................... 11 II. Opportunities and Challenges of Wilderness as a Basis for Sustainable Development Domingo A. Medina Participatory Rural Appraisal of the Impacts of Tourism on Local Indigenous Iokiñe Rodriguez Communities and National Parks: the Case of the Pemón Kamaracoto ................. 19 Jarkko Saarinen Wilderness, Tourism Development, and Sustainability: Wilderness Attitudes and Place Ethics ....................................................................................... 29 III. Understanding and Protecting Biodiversity Shaju Thomas Participatory Biodiversity Management and the Concept of Aby P. Varghese Mini-Sanctuaries ...................................................................................................... 37 Jayan Nandan Nair Olga Khitun Study of Plant Species Diversity in the West Siberian Arctic ...................................... 42 Olga Rebristaya L. B. Rybalov Asian Ecological Transect: Evaluation of Biodiversity of Soil and T. E. Rossolimo Animal Communities in Central Siberia ................................................................... 49 N. I. Germogenov Siberian White Crane on Protected Territories of Yakutia (Russian Northeast) ......... 55 Daniel H. Henning Capacity Building in Protected Areas and Biodiversity Management in Cambodia ................................................................................................................. 60 Michael J. Vandeman Wildlife Need Habitat Off Limits to Humans ................................................................ 66 IV. Human Values and Meanings of Wilderness Karen M. Fox Wayfaring Metaphors and Environmental Ethics ........................................................ 73 Leo H. McAvoy Norman McIntyre Person and Environment Transactions During Brief Wilderness Trips: an Exploration .........................................................................................................