ffr ^ FIVE GENERA OF BEETLES IMITATED IN HISTORIC TIMES Front. ClypttLS-^ Head Plate 5 c a r a ba. e u s C a t h a rsi us C o Pp r l 5 HP. Cumnopleurus Hypselogenla. P.P. 1904. Th» first figure it the natural form, adapted to an oval outline. The second figure is the artificial form. BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT TWENTY-FIRST YEAR, 1915 SCARABS AND CYLINDERS WITH NAMES ILLUSTRATED BY THE EGYPTIAN COLLECTION IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON BY W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE HON. D.C.L., LL.D., LITT.D., F.R.S., F.B.A., HON. F.S.A. (Scot.), A.R.I.B.A. MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY MEMBER OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON LONDON SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOVVER STREET, W.C. AND CONSTABLE & CO. LTD., 10 ORANGE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE AND BERNARD QUARITCH, u GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET 1917 si 82 PRINTED BY MAZEL! , WATSON AND VINEY, LD., LONDON AND AYLESBURY. BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT GENERAL COMMITTEE (•'Executive Members) Hon. John Abercromby Prof. Percy Gardner •J. G. Milne Walter Baily Rt. Hon. Sir G. T. Goldie Robert Mond Henry Balfour Prof. Gowland Prof. Montague Rev. Dr. T. G. Bonney Mrs. J. R. Green Walter Morrison Prof. R. C. BOSANQUET Rt. Hon. F.-M. Lord Grenfell •Miss M. A. Murray Rt. Hon. Viscount Bryce of Mrs. F. Ll. Griffith Prof. P. E. Newberry Dechmont Dr. A. C. Haddon His Grace the Duke of Dr. R. M. Burrows Dr. Jesse Haworth Northumberland. *Prof. J. B. Bury {Chairman) Rev. Dr. A. C. Headlam F. W. Percival •Somers Clarke D. G. Hogarth Dr. Pinches Edward Clodd Sir H. H. Howorth Dr. G. W. Prothero Prof. Boyd Dawkins Baron A. von Hugel Dr. G. Reisner Prof. Sir S. Dill Dr. A. S. Hunt Sir W. Richmond •Miss Eckenstein Mrs. C. H. VV. Johns Prof. F. W. Ridg i:\vay Dr. Gregory Foster Prof. Macalister Mrs. Strong Sir James Frazer Dr. R. W. Macan Lady Tirard •Dr. Alan Gardiner Rev. Prof. Mahaffy E. Towry Whyte •Prof. Ernest Gardner Sir Henry Miers Honorary Treasurer—*H. Sefton-Jones Honorary Director—Prof. Flinders Petrie Honorary Secretaries— Mrs. Hilda Petrie and Percival Hart Hankers—The Anglo-Egyptian Bank. Though last winter the war hindered the continuance of excavations, it is hoped they will be resumed, so soon as the position is more settled, with assistants who are not required in Government service. Meanwhile the volumes for 1914 on Lahun and Harageh are delayed by various causes; and, in lieu of the usual volumes on excavation for 1915, subscribers here receive a work en the scarabs in University College, with over 2,000 illustrations of obj'ects bearing royal and private names. The accounts of the British School are audited by a Chartered Accountant, and published in the Annual Report. Treasurer : H. Sefton-Jones. ADDRESS THE HON. SECRETARY, BRITISH SCHOOL IN EGYPT, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C . CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER V SECT. PAGE THE OLD KINGDOM, PLS. VIII—XI i. Scope of the volume 1 .... SECT. PAGE 2. Extent of the subject 1 .... 24. The first four dynasties . I I 25. The vth dynasty . 12 CHAPTER I 26. The vith dynasty . 12 RELIGIOUS ASPECT OF THE SCARAB 27. The viith—ixth dynasties 12 28. Hardstone scarabs, xth and xith 13 3. Veneration for the beetle 29. The xith dynasty . 13 4. Ideas connected with it 5. The use of the scarab . CHAPTER VI 6. Literary references to it 7. Amulet and seal . THE EARLIEST AGE OF SCARABS 30. Little proof of re-issues . 14 CHAPTER II 31. Characteristics of periods 14 THE VARIETIES OF SCARABS 32. The Antec V group IS 8. Varieties of treatment 33. The Ka-nefer-uah group 16 9. Five genera copied 34. Fixtures between xth—vith dynasties 17 10. Classification of backs 35. The Unas group . '7 11. Range of types 36. The vth— iiird dynasty group 18 12. Range of small details 37. Summary .... 19 13. Locality of smooth backs 14. System of using the types CHAPTER VII THE MIDDLE KINGDOM CHAPTER III Rise of the xiith dynasty 19 THE MAKING OF SCARABS 38. 20 39- Re-issue of Senuaert III 15. Glazing .... scrolls . 20 40. Private scarabs, 8 16. Stones used . 20 41. Ur res moba title . 17. Glass and paste 8 42. Maot kkeru, etc. 21 18. Cutting soft materials . 9 21 43- Notes on peculiar scarabs 19. History of wheel cutting 9 21 44. Private scarabs, borderless 20. History of point graving 9 45- Dating of private scarabs 22 The xiiith dynasty 22 CHAPTER IV 46. 47- The xivth dynasty 23 EARLY CYLINDERS, PLS. I—VII THE 48. Doubtful names 23 dynasty, Hyksos 24 21. A corpus provided here .... 10 49. The xvth 24 22. Classes of types 10 50. The xvith dynasty, Hyksos The xviith dynasty 25 23. Primitive concept of writing . 10 Si- . CONTENTS CHAPTER VIII CHAPTER IX THE NEW KINGDOM ETHIOPIANS AND SAITES PAGE I1CT. SECT. PAGB dynasty . 25 52. The early xviiith 63. Early xxvth dynasty 31 53. Hotshepsut and Tehutmes III 26 64. Vassal kings . 31 54. Amenhetep II and Tehutmes IV 26 Later xxvth dynasty 55. Amenhetep III 27 65. 32 56. The Aten episode . 27 66. Rise of the Saites . 32 57. Sety I and Ramessu II 27 67. The xxvith dynasty 32 58. The close of the xixth dynasty 28 59. The xxth dynasty 28 68. The Persian age . 33 60. Heart scarabs 28 69. Close of the scarab 33 61. The xxist dynasty 29 70. Greeks and Romans 62. The xxiind dynasty 29 33 User-maot-ra kings 71. Late private scarabs and seals 33 CONTENTS OF PLATES, List of Kings, and Census of Scarabs 34 to 40 SUMMARY of museums and of dynasties • 41 Index to text 43 to 46 Index of private names (lithographed). INDEX OF TITLES (lithographed). 1 —Lviii. Plates of scarabs, and pages of Catalogue. lix—lxxhi. Plates of backs of scarabs. ERRATA IN PLATES. xix, 4th line : 1 to be under 1st of Queen Ana. xxxvi, 6th line : Names of the Aten begin at 45. liv, 3rd line : 1 1 to 2 2 to to be 1 3 to be ; be ; be 3, 4 ; 4 5 ; 5 to be 6. — ;; The British School of Archaeology in Egypt has been making a collection for a war fund since 1914. We undertook to raise £ 1,000 for the Officers' Families Fund, and achieved this in about a year. We are now collecting entirely for the Scottish Women's Hospitals, to maintain Dr. Elsie Inglis' two Field Hospitals, which are serving the Serbian division of the Russian army in Rumania, and are greatly valued by our allies (Hon. Sec. S. W. H., London Units, Hilda Flinders Petrie). It is hoped that all subscribers will help to make this the special War Work of our organisation. We have no hesitation in continuing to receive usual subscriptions to the School, as such are invested in War Loan, and thus pass into the National Savings for the present. Our students are now all serving their country, but when that sad duty is passed, they will again turn to the School to support their researches. Meanwhile our supporters, by their subscriptions, ensure getting the volumes of this catalogue, which will be continued for the years of the War. The volumes are : Amulets (previously issued by Constable). Scarabs, for 191 5. Tools and Weapons, for 1916. Funeral Statuettes (Shabtis) "1 . ' for „. , . , T \ 1917. Weights and Measures J Following volumes will be on Ornaments and Toilet Objects ; Stone and Metal Vases Scarabs with designs and Button Seals ; Prehistoric Egypt ; Games and Writing Materials Glass and Glazes (in colours) ; Beads (in colours) ; and ten or twelve other subjects. At a time when all our energies are required for our defence, it is needful to state the conditions under which any historical work is produced. At the beginning of the war the writer of this volume offered to resign University position until peace, but was officially instructed to retain it ; and the most direct duty of such position is the present catalogue of College collections. His offer also, in two official enquiries, to take the work of other men in public service, has been refused. The printing of this volume has been left to be produced entirely as deferred work, only taken up to level the output of the printers and plate-makers ; thus equalising the conditions of labour, without employing more workers than are otherwise needed. The splendid early volunteering of over 250 men from the firm of printers, shows that they do not hesitate at complying with the national requirements. Great delays in printing have necessarily occurred, and it is doubtful if volumes beyond this, and that on Tools, can be issued till after the war. Til — SYSTEM OF THE CATALOGUE The current description of the plates, and discussion of the materials. The HISTORICAL Index, and general census of scarabs in the principal collections. The TEXT Index. The PRIVATE NAMES Index (lithograph). The TITLES INDEX (lithograph). The CATALOGUE plates and description of all early cylinders accessible, and of all scarabs with names in University College. The TYPES OF BACKS of scarabs. The order of the scarabs under each king is (i) Falcon name; (2) Nebti name; phrases, or with titles, or plain, proceeding from (3) Hor-nubti name ; (4) Throne name with in similar order.