Levay and Craven final proof 14 Dec 2018 14/12/2018 11:51 Page i Systematic searching Levay and Craven final proof 14 Dec 2018 14/12/2018 11:51 Page ii Every purchase of a Facet book helps to fund CILIP’s advocacy, awareness and accreditation programmes for information professionals. Levay and Craven final proof 14 Dec 2018 14/12/2018 11:51 Page iii Systematic searching Practical ideas for improving results Edited by Paul Levay and Jenny Craven Levay and Craven final proof 14 Dec 2018 14/12/2018 11:51 Page iv © This compilation: Paul Levay and Jenny Craven 2019 The chapters: the contributors 2019 Published by Facet Publishing, 7 Ridgmount Street, London WC1E 7AE www.facetpublishing.co.uk Facet Publishing is wholly owned by CILIP: the Library and Information Association. The editors and authors of the individual chapters assert their moral right to be identified as such in accordance with the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Except as otherwise permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, with the prior permission of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of a licence issued by The Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to Facet Publishing, 7 Ridgmount Street, London WC1E 7AE. Every effort has been made to contact the holders of copyright material reproduced in this text, and thanks are due to them for permission to reproduce the material indicated. If there are any queries please contact the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-78330-373-1 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-78330-374-8 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-78330-375-5 (e-book) First published 2019 Text printed on FSC accredited material. Typeset from editors’ files by Flagholme Publishing Services in 11/14pt Palatino and OpenSans Printed and made in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY. Levay and Craven final proof 14 Dec 2018 14/12/2018 11:51 Page v Contents Figures, tables and case studies vii Contributors xi Acknowledgements xxi Abbreviations xxiii Foreword Carol Lefebvre xxvii 1 Introduction: where are we now? 1 Paul Levay and Jenny Craven 2 Innovative approaches to systematic reviewing 25 Andrew Booth 3 Searching for broad-based topics 51 Claire Stansfield 4 Choosing the right databases and search techniques 73 Alison Bethel and Morwenna Rogers 5 Gathering evidence from grey literature and unpublished data 95 Shannon Kugley and Richard Epstein 6 Social media as a source of evidence 125 Su Golder 7 Text mining for information specialists 147 Julie Glanville 8 Using linked data for evidence synthesis 171 Andy Mitchell and Chris Mavergames 9 Evidence surveillance to keep up to date with new research 189 James Thomas, Anna Noel-Storr and Steve McDonald 10 Training the next generation of information specialists 209 Michelle Maden and Gil Young Levay and Craven final proof 14 Dec 2018 14/12/2018 11:51 Page vi VI SYSTEMATIC SEARCHING 11 Collaborative working to improve searching 229 Siw Waffenschmidt and Elke Hausner 12 Communication for information specialists 249 Margaret Sampson 13 The information specialist as an expert searcher 269 Alison Brettle 14 Conclusion: where do we go from here? 289 Paul Levay and Jenny Craven Glossary 293 Index 305 Levay and Craven final proof 14 Dec 2018 14/12/2018 11:51 Page vii Figures, tables and case studies Figures Figure 4.1 Example of a completed search summary table 89 Figure 5.1 Number of publications relevant to grey 97 literature and unpublished data in PubMed Figure 6.1 Social Searcher screen-shot 134 Figure 7.1 Carrot2 screen-shot 160 Figure 7.2 PubMed PubReMiner screen-shot 161 Figure 7.3 Voyant Tools screen-shot 161 Figure 7.4 VOSviewer density visualisation screen-shot 162 Figure 7.5 Medline Ranker screen-shot 162 Figure 9.1 VOSviewer heat map of co-citation relationships 192 in psychology Figure 9.2 Living Systematic Review and evidence 197 surveillance workflow Figure 9.3 Cochrane Evidence Pipeline 201 Figure 10.1 Weekly content of the MOOC screen-shot 220 Figure 10.2 Example exercise from the MOOC screen-shot 220 Tables Table 1.1 PICO framework for a systematic review on a 5 medical question Table 1.2 Job titles of people involved in systematic 14 searching Table 2.1 Framework for addressing review questions 28 Table 2.2 SCIE domains of knowledge 29 Table 2.3 Some alternative question formats 34 Levay and Craven final proof 14 Dec 2018 14/12/2018 11:51 Page viii VIII SYSTEMATIC SEARCHING Table 5.1 Sample of key sources for grey literature and 104 unpublished data in the USA, European Union and Canada Table 6.1 Examples of research that has used social media 127 Table 6.2 Examples of health-related social media research 127 Table 7.1 Selected text mining tools 165 Table 10.1 Summary of competencies for expert searchers 211 involved in systematic reviews Table 11.1 Collaboration between information specialists 230 and review authors Table 11.2 Points to clarify for successful collaboration 236 Table 11.3 Practical collaboration of information specialists 238 on day-to-day activities Table 13.1 Examples of research for effectiveness reviews 275 Table 13.2 Examples of research on search quality 275 Table 13.3 Examples of topic-focused research 276 Table 13.4 Examples of research into other search 276 techniques Table 13.5 Selected journals for keeping up to date with 281 expert searching Case studies Case study 2.1 Examples of a realist synthesis 37 Case study 2.2 Example of a mixed methods review 37 Case study 3.1 Testing and refining the scope of a multi-faceted 60 review Case study 3.2 Standalone report not published in a journal 60 Case study 3.3 Collective search strategies for multiple questions 61 Case study 3.4 Proximity searching 62 Case study 3.5 Extreme reviewing 62 Case study 3.6 Iterative and selective searches 63 Case study 3.7 A stepped approach to searching 63 Case study 3.8 Review of community engagement and health 63 inequalities Case study 3.9 Tracking research from the Millennium Cohort 64 Study Case study 4.1 Experiences of carers 78 Case study 4.2 The physical health of surfers 81 Levay and Craven final proof 14 Dec 2018 14/12/2018 11:51 Page ix FIGURES, TABLES AND CASE STUDIES IX Case study 5.1 Initiating personal contacts to identify key 100 information sources Case study 5.2 Inconsistent reporting of harms in published 107 and unpublished sources Case study 5.3 Novel use of unpublished data to address a 111 research question Case study 6.1 Antenatal magnesium sulphate regimens 135 Case study 6.2 Retinal photography 136 Case study 7.1 Isoflavones and cancer in women 159 Case study 8.1 Linked data at Cochrane 182 Case study 9.1 Cochrane Evidence Pipeline 198 Case study 9.2 The Human Behaviour-Change Project 201 Case study 10.1 The clinical librarian as an expert searcher 213 Case study 10.2 The LIHNN Introduction to Literature 218 Searching MOOC Case study 11.1 Information Management Unit at IQWiG 240 Case study 11.2 The Research Information Specialist at CREPB 241 Case study 11.3 Ottawa Valley Health Libraries Association 242 (OVHLA) Case study 12.1 CanMEDS Framework – Communicator 250 Case study 12.2 Application of the CanMEDS Framework to 251 the reference interview Case study 12.3 First meeting with the review team 252 Case study 12.4 Removing duplicates on the Ovid platform 257 Case study 12.5 Using Open Science Framework to 261 communicate a small research study Case study 13.1 Counselling young children aged 4-10 years 272 Case study 13.2 Physical activity in the workplace 278 Levay and Craven final proof 14 Dec 2018 14/12/2018 11:51 Page x Levay and Craven final proof 14 Dec 2018 14/12/2018 11:51 Page xi Contributors Alison Bethel has been working as an Information Specialist with the Evidence Synthesis Team at the University of Exeter Medical School in the UK since 2011. She has been the information specialist in over 20 published systematic reviews; these include Cochrane reviews, quantitative reviews and mixed methods reviews. Alison has developed an interest in teaching other information professionals about systematic reviews (through the workshop ‘Searching and Beyond’), as well as search methods research in the health and the environment and human health fields. She has over 20 years’ experience as an information professional, ranging from managing small government libraries to working in the tourism sector as a knowledge manager. Andrew Booth is a qualified Information Specialist with almost 25 years’ experience as a systematic review methodologist at the School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR) at the University of Sheffield in the UK where he is Reader in Evidence-Based Information Practice. He is a Co-Convenor of the Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group. He is Co-Director of one of the three National Institute for Health Research Evidence Synthesis Centres for the Health Services and Delivery Research Programme. He is a former Associate Editor for Systematic Reviews and current Associate Editor for Research Synthesis Methods, and he is the lead author of Systematic Approaches to a Successful Literature Review (2nd edn, SAGE Publishing, 2016). Andrew has co-authored over 120 systematic review outputs including, as lead author, the Department of Health review on Minimum Alcohol Pricing, which continues to influence UK policy.