file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM RACE RELATIONS SURVEY 1988/89 CAROLE COOPER JENNIFER SCHINDLER COLLEEN McCAUL ROBIN HAMILTON MARY BEALE ALISON CLEMANS LOU-MARIÉ KRUGER ISABELLE DELVARE JOHN GARY MOONSAMY Research staff South African Institute of Race relations SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS JOHANNESBURG 1989 THE COVER file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM (1 of 1123)25/11/2004 15:59:33 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM Photograph by Mark Peters Rapid black urbanisation in South Africa in recent years has rendered the pass laws obsolete, but the national shortage of conventional housing runs to nearly two million units. So several million people, nearly all of them black, have built their own shanties or other shelters in and around the cities. They have used whatever material they have been able to lay their hands on: wood and mud, old packing cases and crates, corrugated iron, sheets of plastic, and occasionally bricks or concrete blocks. Sometimes referred to as squatters (a term not always technically accurate), these ‘informal settlers’ have been described as ‘South Africa’s new city builders’. One of them is Mr Aaron ‘Bobo’ Khumalo, who built his house at Dlamini Camp No 2, near Chiawelo in Soweto. There he lives with his wife, Yvonne, and his children, Mandla (10) and Edward (1). The family moved to Dlamini Camp at the beginning of 1988 when the Soweto authorities demolished their shack at Mochaeneng opposite the Regina Mundi church. Before then they had lived in backyard shacks as sub–tenants. Published by the South African Institute of Race Relations Auden House, 68 De Korte Street Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2001 South Africa Copyrights South African Institute of Race Relations 1989 ISSN 0258-7246 PD5/89 ISBN 0-86982-355-8 PREFACE This Survey is published during the Institute’s diamond jubilee year, the organisation having been founded on 9 May 1929. The Survey, which has been an annual publication since 1936, pioneered research into the impact of discriminatory legislation on every aspect of South African life. For many years the Survey had little to do but report the enactment of one discriminatory piece of legislation after another: the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949, the Population Registration and Group Areas Acts of 1950, the Bantu Building Workers Act of 1951, the Reservation of Separate Amenities and Bantu Education Acts of 1953. “In more recent years the Institute has been able to report the repeal of quite a number of these laws, including the pass laws, including the pass laws which were repealed in the middle of 1986”. It file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM (2 of 1123)25/11/2004 15:59:33 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM has also been able to report the extension of statutory trade union rights and home-ownership to Africans, along with the erosion of the industrial colour bar, and the disappearance of apartheid from at least tertiary educational institutions and private schools. As we go to the printers the repeal of another form of apartheid seems to be reaching the national political agenda: Section 52 of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act of 1983 limits the parliamentary franchise to white, coloured, and Indian people, while Section 93 vests the control and administration of African affairs in the state president. At this stage we cannot foretell how long it will be before these crucial aspects of discrimination have been removed. The Survey remains a unique publication. It is the. only one monitoring the impact of discrimination right across the society in a systematic way. It is also the only one methodically keeping track of the dismantling of discrimination where this is occurring. Nor is the Survey concerned only with legislation per se: it also pays attention to wider ramifications, including material inequality between black and white. Down the years we have reported on the change in the ratio of white to black spending on schoolchildren by the state from about 7 to I in the mid-1950s when Dr Verwoerd nationalised black education and pegged its funding, to 18 to I in the early 1970s, to about 4,5 to 1 today. Does the Institute have anything to celebrate in its 60th year? We have held a number of functions for our members to mark our birthday, but we have been conscious on all these occasions that much injustice and inequality still persists. However, our President, the Reverend Dr Stanley Mogoba, argued in his presidential address on 17 August that it was not true that the Institute had nothing to celebrate. In spite of abhorrent racial laws still on the statute book, he said, ‘there is one thing that we as an Institute can indeed celebrate in this our diamond jubilee year: it is that the trend away from apartheid is irreversibly established’. JOHN KANE-BERMAN Executive Director South African Institute of Race Relations ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writers of the 1988/89 Survey thank all those who assisted in producing this volume. Dr Muriel Horrell’s contribution. Religious Organisations, is much appreciated. The writers are also indebted to those who provided information, among them organisations, companies, trade union officials, academics, and other researchers. The Institute’s chief librarian, Mrs Ellen Potter, assisted by Ms Mildred Francis, Mrs Eunice Halo, Mrs Clara Masoga, Mrs Sarah Mohale, Ms Prisca Nkungu, and Mr Alfred Nkungu, obtained much of the file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM (3 of 1123)25/11/2004 15:59:33 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM material and provided the press clipping service essential for the writing of the Survey. The writers also thank the Institute’s production manager, Ms Lindsey dark, for her work in style editing, overseeing design and production, and proofreading, as well as her predecessor, Ms Catherine Harrison, for her work in the initial stages. Our thanks go also to Mrs Connie Matthews, Ms Sarah Zwane, and Mrs Anita Loopoo for typing parts of the manuscript and transforming our work into indexed, referenced, and camera-ready pages for the printing of the Survey. Mrs Naomi Musiker’s compilation of the thorough index is highly valued. The Institute also warmly thanks all those who contributed to the production costs of the Survey. They are: Beckman Instruments (Pty) Limited Caltex Oil (SA) (Pty) Limited Unilever South Africa (Pty) Limited Estate late Bertha G Mackay Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, Religious Society of Friends The Haggie Charitable Trust First National Bank of Southern Africa Limited Stella and Paul Loewenstein Trust Ruth and Anita Wise Trust Donaldson Trust Sugar Association Ferro Industrial Products (Pty) Limited Argus Holdings Limited CONTENTS file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM (4 of 1123)25/11/2004 15:59:33 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM OVERVIEW HEALTH AND WELFARE SOCIAL SEGREGATION THE HOME LANDS POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT HOUSING EDUCATION ECONOMY AND BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT LABOUR RELATIONS GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION SECURITY POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS RELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS DETAILED CONTENTS OVERVIEW HEALTH AND WELFARE Health Policy file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM (5 of 1123)25/11/2004 15:59:33 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM Finance Medical Personnel Dentists Doctors Nurses Health Services Family Planning Segregation in Health Services White-Designated Areas Homelands Diseases Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Malaria Malnutrition and infant mortality Tuberculosis Welfare Policy and legislation Budgets and Facilities Social Workers Children file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM (6 of 1123)25/11/2004 15:59:33 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM The Aged Pensions Payout Facilities Military Pensions Disabled People Alcoholism and Drug Addiction SOCIAL SEGREGATION Policy Conservative Party-Controlled Municipalities Facilities Government Buildings Hotels and Restaurants Holiday Resorts and Entertainment Facilities Beaches Municipal Facilities Churches Sport International Isolation South African Attempts to Counter Isolation Developments in South Africa School Sport file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre...T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM (7 of 1123)25/11/2004 15:59:33 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/03%20Pre-Transition/The%2...partheid%20State/T_SAIRR%201948-1990/SAIRR%20Survey%201988-89.HTM Sponsorship South African Council on Sport THE HOMELANDS General Policy Matters Multilateral Co–operation Citizenship Legislation General legislation during 1988 National