Biological Control in Biological BOTANY There has been a large increase in the commercial use of integrated crop/pest management methods for pest and disease control on a wide range of crops throughout the world since the first edition of this Biological book. The completely revised second edition of the bestselling Biological Control in Plant Protec- tion: A Color Handbook continues the objective of providing a handbook with profiles and full-color Control in photographs of as many examples of biological con- trol organisms from as wide a global area as pos- sible. It is designed to help readers anticipate and Plant Protection recognize specific problems of pest management and then resolve them using the natural enemies of pests—parasites, predators, and pathogens. A Color Handbook The authors first describe the impact of predator– Plant Protection prey relationships on host plant species in arable, orchard, and protected environments. The main Second Edition sections of the book include profiles of pests, ben- eficial arthropods (insects and mites), and beneficial pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes), Neil Helyer featuring a tabular pest identification guide. De- scriptions of biocontrol organisms are divided into Nigel D. Cattlin four sections: species characteristics, lifecycle, crop/ pest associations, and influences of growing prac- Kevin C. Brown tices. The text is illustrated throughout with color photographs of the highest quality. This revised edition helps readers more fully un- derstand the concepts and practice of biological control and integrated pest management. All chap- ters have been updated and expanded, and more than 300 new photographs have been added. The Helyer | Cattlin Brown second edition covers new beneficial organisms and pest profiles, and it includes a new chapter on the practical aspects and application of biological con- trol. It also contains a new final chapter that puts biological control in perspective, discussing interac- tions that occur when using biocontrol for popula- tion management as well as some of the possible mechanisms of biocontrol. K21821 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 ISBN: 978-1-84076-117-7 711 Third Avenue 90000 an informa business New York, NY 10017 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK 9 781840 761177 Biological Control in Plant Protection A Color Handbook Second Edition Biological Control in Plant Protection A Color Handbook Second Edition Neil Helyer Fargro Ltd, West Sussex, UK Nigel D. Cattlin Holt Studios International Ltd Kevin C. Brown Ecological Consultant, Plymouth, UK Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Consultant editor: Dr. John Fletcher CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140108 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-84076-601-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com v Contents Preface ix CHAPTER 3 Acknowledgments xi Biology of some common target pests About the authors xiii Introduction 33 Common Pest Species 33 CHAPTER 1 Slugs and Snails 33 The practice and application of Spider Mites 36 biological control Woodlice 38 Millipedes 39 Introduction 1 Leafhoppers, Psyllids, Whitefly, Aphids, Parasites and Parasitoids 2 Scale insects, and Mealybugs 40 Predators 2 Leafhoppers 41 Pathogens 3 Psyllids 42 Strategies for Biological Control 3 Whiteflies 42 Conservation or Preservation Biological Control 3 Aphids 44 Importation/Classical Biological Control 5 Scale Insects 46 Inoculative Control 5 Mealybugs 47 Inundative Control 5 Thrips 49 Integrated Crop/Pest Management 6 Practical Aspects of Biological Control 7 Lepidoptera 51 Pest Monitoring 10 Caterpillars (of Moths and Butterflies) 51 Flies 54 CHAPTER 2 Leaf Miners 56 Biological control in various Sciarids 57 cropping systems Shore Flies 58 Beetles 58 Introduction 11 Weevils 62 Arable 13 Introduction 13 Arable Production and Biologicals 14 CHAPTER 4 The Challenge of Biocontrol 14 Arthropod biological control agents The Use of Pesticides and Beneficial Insects 15 Introduction 65 Monitoring Levels of Beneficial Insects 16 Class: Arachnida (Spiders, Harvestmen, Carabid Beetles 16 and Predatory Mites) 69 Staphylinid Beetles 17 Family: Araneidae (Orb Web Spiders) 70 Linyphiid Spiders 18 Family: Linyphiidae (Money Spiders) 72 Integrated Crop Management (ICM) 18 Family: Lycosidae (Wolf Spiders) 73 Conservation Strategies Using Headlands Family: Salticidae (Jumping Spiders) 74 and Beetle Banks 19 Family: Thomisidae (Crab Spiders) 75 Fruit 19 Family: Phalangiidae (Harvestmen) 75 Introduction 19 Subclass: Acari (Predatory Mites) 77 Fruit Production and Biologicals 20 Family: Trombidiidae (Red Velvet Mites) 77 The Challenge of Biocontrol 21 Allothrombidium spp. 77 Major Pests 25 Family: Phytoseiidae (Predatory Mites) 78 Integrated Crop Management 25 Amblyseius andersoni 78 Protected Crops 27 Amblyseius californicus (syn. Neoseiulus Introduction 27 californicus) 79 Crop Production and Biologicals 27 Amblyseius cucumeris (syn. Neoseiulus Pest Monitoring 28 cucumeris) 80 The Challenges of Biological Control 29 Amblyseius degenerans (syn. Iphiseius Integrated Crop Management 31 degenerans) 81 vi Contents Amblyseius montdorensis (syn. Chilocorus spp. 116 Typhlodromips montdorensis) 82 Coccinella septempunctata (Seven-Spot Amblyseius swirskii (syn. Typhlodromips Ladybird) 117 swirskii) 82 Cryptolaemus montrouzieri 119 Phytoseiulus persimilis 84 Delphastus catalinae 120 Typhlodromus pyri 85 Harmonia axyridis (Harlequin Ladybird) 121 Family: Laelapidae (Soil-Dwelling Harmonia conglobata 123 Predatory Mites) 86 Hippodamia convergens (Convergent Lady Hypoaspis aculeifer and Hypoaspis miles 86 Beetle) 124 Family: Macrochelidae (Predatory Mites) 87 Propylea quattuordecimpunctata Macrocheles robustulus 87 (14-Spot Ladybird) 125 Class: Chilopoda 88 Rodolia cardinalis (Vedalia Beetle) 126 Family: Geophilidae and Lithobiidae Scymnus subvillosus 127 (Centipedes) 88 Stethorus punctillum 127 Geophilus flavus, Stigmatogaster subterraneus, and Lithobius forficatus 88 Family: Carabidae (Ground Beetles) 128 Millipedes 89 Agonum dorsale 130 Class: Insecta (Insects) 89 Bembidion lampros 131 Order: Odonata 89 Carabus violaceus 131 Suborder: Anisoptera (Dragonflies); Demetrias atricapillus 132 Suborder: Zygoptera (Damsel Flies) 89 Harpalus rufipes 133 Order: Dermaptera 93 Loricera pilicornis 134 Family: Forficulidae (Earwigs) 93 Nebria brevicollis 134 Forficula auricularia 93 Notiophilus biguttatus 135 Order: Hemiptera 95 Poecilus cupreus 136 Suborder: Heteroptera (Predatory Bugs) 95 Pterostichus melanarius 136 Family: Gerridae (Pond Skaters) 96 Common Pond Skater or Common Water Trechus quadristriatus 137 Strider (Gerris lacustris) 96 Family: Cicindelidae (Tiger Beetles) 138 Family: Anthocoridae (Predatory Cicindela campestris (Field Tiger Beetle) 138 Bugs/Flower Bugs) 97 Family: Staphylinidae (Rove Beetles) 139 Anthocoris nemoralis 97 Aleochara spp. 139 Anthocoris nemorum 98 Atheta coriaria 140 Orius laevigatus 99 Philonthus cognatus 141 Orius majusculus 100 Tachyporus spp. 142 Family: Miridae (Predatory Bugs) 101 Xantholinus spp. 143 Atractotomus mali 101 Order: Diptera 143 Blepharidopterus angulatus 101 Family: Empididae (Dance Flies) 144 Deraeocoris ruber 102 Empis stercorea and Empis tessellata 144 Heterotoma planicornis 103 Family: Muscidae (Hunter Flies) 145 Macrolophus pygmaeus (syn. M. caliginosus) 104 Coenosia attenuata 145 Pilophorus perplexus 105 Family: Tachinidae (Parasitoid Flies) 146 Family: Pentatomidae (Shield Bug) 106 Family: Cecidomyiidae (Predatory Midges)