Cambridge University Press 0521576008 - The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy Edited by Michael Hoskin Index More information Index aberration of light 174, 178, 184 Apollonius: eccentric circles and above-atmosphere rocketry epicycles 35–7 317–19 Aquinas, Thomas: Aristotelian- absolute magnitude 186, 261, 265 Christian synthesis 75 achromatic lens 236 Archer, F. S.: photography 233 active optics 309 Archimedes and Aristarchus 34 Adams, John Couch 163; meteors Arcturus 239, colour described by 244; Neptune discovery 164 Herschel 254 Adams, W. S.: H–R diagram 262 Arecibo Observatory 322 Adelard of Bath: translations 58 Argelander, F. W. A.: Bonner age of the Universe 300, 305 Durchmusterung 222; solar Airy, George Biddell: Neptune apex 176 discovery 163–4 Ariel discovered 244 Albert of Saxony: Aristotelian Aristarchus: distances of the Sun view 88 and the Moon 34; motion of the Alexander, Stephen: spiral Milky Earth 34 Way 274 Aristotle 19, 75; celestial spheres Alfvén, H.: early solar system 251 32; celestial–terrestrial Alfonsine Tables 58, 78, 95 dichotomy 141–2; Earth at Algol: Sufi’s drawing 59; eclipsing centre of the Universe 28; Earth binary 258; variable star 172 at rest 28; elements 27–8; algorithms 53 Galileo’s enmity 119; On the Alpetragius (Abu Ishaq al-Bitruji): Heavens and the Earth 88; in planetary models 60 medieval astrology and Alpha Centauri: annual parallax medicine 73; in medieval 189 universities 74–5; Meteorology Alpher, Ralph A.: Big Bang 28, 96; projectiles 82, 101; residual radiation 316 spherical Earth 28, 94 altazimuth mountings 187, 309 armillary spheres 49 al-Zarqali (Azaquiel): Toledan Association of Universities for Tables 58, 74 Research in Astronomy 307–8 Alvan Clark & Sons: 30-inch asteroids discovered 160–2 refractor 237 astrarium (Giovanni de’ Dondi’s Anaximander’s cosmology 25 clock) 81–2 Andromeda Nebula: Cepheid astrolabe 63–7; as clock 81; variables 292–4, 295–6; combined with quadrant 79; distance and size 295–300; mariner’s 63; transmission to Huggins’s ‘planetary system’ West 72–3 286; photographed 286; radial astrology: Babylonian 20; velocity 288; S Andromedae conjunctions of planets 169–70; 287 and cosmology 27; Islamic angel: nine orders 77; mover of opposition 55–7; Kepler 170; sphere 84 Mayan 12; medieval 73; and Ångstrom, A. J.: hydrogen in solar observation 21; Ptolemy’s atmosphere 227; wavelengths Tetrabiblos 40 of Fraunhofer lines 227 Astronomical Journal 221–2 annual parallax 101, 112, 177–89 Astronomical Society of London Apollo Moon landings 319 221 347 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521576008 - The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy Edited by Michael Hoskin Index More information 348 Index astronomical unit 92, 179, 185 Bethe, H. A.: nuclear energy in Astronomische Gesellschaft 222 stars 267, 272 Astronomische Nachrichten 221, Big Bang 315–17, 323; residual 222 radiation 316 Astronomischer Jahrsbericht 222 Big Dipper – see Great Bear Astronomy and Astrophysics binary stars: eclipsing 257–8, 265; Abstracts 222 John Michell’s concept 235; Astrophysical Journal 238 spectroscopic 257–8, 265 Atkinson, R. d’E.: nuclear energy Bishop, George: observatory in in stars 266 Regent’s Park 217 atmospheric interference 309; Bitruji, Abu Ishaq al- refraction 173–4, 178 (Alpetragius): planetary models atomic clocks 166 60 Auzout, Adrien: wire micrometer black holes 189 146 blink microscopes 289 Averroës (Muhammad ibn blue giants 267, 297 Rushd): eccentrics and Board of Longitude 152, 153 epicycles 59–60 Bode, Johann Elert 159, Piazzi Azarquiel (al-Zarquali): Toledan correspondence 161; Uranus 161 Tables 58 Bode’s ‘law’ 158–63 Boethius: translations of Aristotle Baade, Walter 269; Andromeda and Plato 68 Nebula’s distance 297–300; Bohlin, Karl: size of the Galaxy Cygnus A. 314; novae and 278–9, 280 supernovae 270; pulsars 269 Bohr, Niels: atomic model 263 Babylonian astronomy 19–21, 50; Bok, Bart J.: evolution of stars 273 contact with Greeks 33 Bolton, John G.: Crab Nebula Bailey, Solon I.: Cepheids and radio source 314 distances of stars 277 Bond, George Phillips: Donati’s Ballochroy standing stones 8–10 Comet 240; Saturn’s rings 249 Balmer, Johann: hydrogen Bond, William Cranch: Saturn’s spectroscopy 321 rings 249 Barasana (Colombian) calendar Bondi, Hermann: Steady State 15–16 cosmology 315 Barnard, E. E.: dark nebulae 282–3 Bonner Durchmusterung 222 Bartholin, Erasmus: longitude of Bonnet, Charles: Contemplation Hven observatories 151 de la nature 158–9 Battani, Muhammad al- 58 Boulliau, Ismael: variable stars Bede: On the Divisions of Time 171 71–2 Bowditch, Nathaniel: Laplace’s Bell, Jocelyn: pulsar 321 translator 156–7 Bellarmine, Cardinal Robert: Bowen, Ira S.: chemical censure of Galileo 116–17 composition of the stars 264 Ben Gerson, Levi: cross-staff 80 Bradley, James 174; aberration of Ben Mahir, Jacob (Profatius the light 184; Astronomer Royal Jew): new quadrant 79–80 174–5; nutation of the Earth’s Bentley, Richard, and Newton’s axis 174; speed of light 183–4; fixed stars 190 zenith sector 182–3 Berlin Observatory 164 Brahe, Tycho 5–103, 110; Bérulle, Pierre de, and Descartes cosmology 101–3, 117; Jupiter’s 120 and Saturn’s variations 154–5; Bessarion, Johannes, and Epitome Moon’s variations 141–2; of the Almagest 85–6 observations 106–7; refraction Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm 175; 61 tables 174; star catalogue Cygni 186, 188; divided-lens 100–1, 152 micrometer 187; Fundamenta Bredikhin, F. A.: classification of astronomiae 175–6; heliometer comets 239 187; Sirius’s irregular motion Brera Observatory 245 267 brightness – see magnitude Beta Centauri 5 British Catalogue 153, 184 Beta Persei – see Algol Buffon, Comte de: origin of Betelgeuse’s colour 254–5 planets 250 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521576008 - The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy Edited by Michael Hoskin Index More information Index 349 Bunsen, Robert: spectroscopy of Cepheid variables 278–80, 303; in elements 225–6 Andromeda Nebula 292–4; Burbidge, Geoffrey: element light curve 294; in Small formation 323 Magellanic Cloud 277; in Virgo Burbidge, Margaret: element galaxy cluster 311 formation 323 Ceques (Inca radiating lines) 10 Buridan, Jean: impetus 83–4 Ceres asteroid discovered 160–1 Cerro Tololo Observatory 308 caesium identified 225 Chadwick, James: neutrons 268 Cairo Observatory 56 Challis, James: Neptune search Calcidius: translations from 163–4 Greek to Latin 69 Chamberlin, T. C.: planetesimal calendars: Babylonian 20–2; hypothesis 250–1 Barasana (Colombian) 15–16, Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan: Chinese 48–9; Easter date 71–2; mass limit for white dwarfs Egyptian 22–4; ephemerides 21, 268, 320 220; Islamic 51–3; Julian 71–2; Chaucer, Geoffrey: astrology and Mayan 12–14; Misminay medicine 73 (Andean) 16; Mursi (Ethiopian) Chéseaux, J.-P. L. de: starlight 195 15; prehistoric 2; Stonehenge? Chinese astronomy 48–9 5–7 Chladmi, Ernst: origins of Callippus on planetary meteorites 243 retrogression 31–2 Christian IV of Denmark: Tycho Caltech Submillimeter Brahe’s patron 103 Observatory 308 Christina, Queen of Sweden: Cameron, A. G. W.: element Descartes’s patron 120 formation 323 chromatic aberration 125, 127 Campbell, W. W.: radial velocities chromosphere of the Sun 231 of stars 257 chronometers 154 Cape Observatory 253 Cicero: Dream of Scipio 70–1; Capella spectroscopic binary 257 and Boethius 68–9 Capella, Martianus, and Crates of Clairaut, Alexis-Claude: Mallus 71; Venus and Mercury perturbed orbit of Halley’s 69–70, 102–3 Comet 148; Newtonian Carrington, R. C.: magnetism and consequences 148–50 sunspots 229 Clark, Alvan Jr: Sirius’s Carte du Ciel 223 companion 267 Cartesianism 119–23, 135–6, Clarke, Samuel: Leibniz 144–6; see also Descartes, René correspondence 193; Rohault’s Cassini, Gian Domenico: aerial translator 145 telescopes 146; Paris Academy Cleomedes on atmospheric of Sciences 146; rotation of refraction 174 Jupiter 247; Saturn’s moons 140 Clerk Maxwell, James: Cassiopeia constellation: 1572 electromagnetic theory 300; on nova 96–7 Saturn’s rings 249 Catherine the Great: Leonhard Clerke, Agnes C.: island Euler’s patron 149 universes rejected 287 CCDs (photosensitive charge- cluster variables 298–9 coupled devices) 309 Colbert, Jean Baptiste: Paris celestial mechanics: limits to Academy of Sciences 146 precision 165–7 colour index 259, 265, 284 celestial spheres: Chinese Columbus’s lunar eclipse 86 astronomy 48; Christianized comet sweepers: Caroline 77; Copernicus 94; fixed stars Herschel’s 201–2 28; inflexible 32; Kepler 105–6; comets: 1577 56, 96–8, 102; 1680 Macrobius 70; medieval 140; 1882 252–3; Aristotle 28, conception 29; music of 96–7; Chinese astronomy 49; 109–11; physically real 45; Descartes 122; Donati’s 239–42; separate 60; solidity disproved Halley’s 49, 96, 147, 147–8; 96–8, 102–3; theological 188, 306; Hooke 137–8; Laplace problems 76 155; Newton 137, 140–1; Centaurus in Mursi calendrics 15 spectroscopy 242–3 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521576008 - The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy Edited by Michael Hoskin Index More information 350 Index Comte, Auguste, on Deimos discovered 244 unknowability of the chemical Delambre. J.-B. J.: Uranus’s orbit composition of stars 226–7 163 conjunctions: Chinese astronomy Delta Cephei 269, 278; light 48; Jupiter–Saturn 95, 169 curve 279 Connoissance des Temps 220 Descartes, René 95, 119–24; Cook, James: praise for Harrison Principles of Philosophy 123, chronometer 154 144; vortices 122, 131