Prisoners of Freedom A study on worldview of contemporary Finnish seamen Mira Karjalainen, M.A. May, 2004 Licentiate Thesis University of Helsinki Department of comparative religion 1 Table of contents: 1. SAILORS’ WORLDVIEW – INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................4 1.1. PREVIOUS STUDIES ON SAILORS ........................................................................................................8 Finnish sailors..............................................................................................................................................11 1.2. FREEDOM...........................................................................................................................................14 Personal, sovereignal and civic freedom ..................................................................................................................17 Inner freedom and spiritual freedom.........................................................................................................................19 Freedom of ordinary people ......................................................................................................................................19 2. WORLDVIEW, METAPHOR, FIELD: THEORY, METHODOLOGY, MATERIAL....................21 2.1. WORLDVIEW: THEORY ..............................................................................................................................21 2.1.1. Belief-system and Weltanschauung..................................................................................................24 2.1.2. Worldview changes............................................................................................................................25 2.1.3. Individual and collective worldview.................................................................................................28 2.1.4. Categories and dimensions of worldview ........................................................................................28 2.1.5. Previous worldview study on sailors................................................................................................32 2.1.6. Overview on worldview.....................................................................................................................33 2.2. LOADED WITH METAPHORS: METHODOLOGY..........................................................................................34 2.2.1. Use of metaphors...............................................................................................................................37 2.2.2. Boundaries of metaphor....................................................................................................................39 Metaphor among other tropes....................................................................................................................................39 Humor and metaphor .................................................................................................................................................40 2.2.3. Metaphor and rhetoric ......................................................................................................................42 Generally on metaphor and rhetoric..........................................................................................................................43 2.2.4. Overview on Metaphor......................................................................................................................45 2.3 FIELD, MATERIAL ........................................................................................................................................46 2.3.1. In the field as a seaman.....................................................................................................................47 When a fieldworker is a worker ................................................................................................................................48 2.3.2. In the field as a researcher ...............................................................................................................49 Reflections..................................................................................................................................................................51 What did you come here for? ....................................................................................................................................55 2.3.3. Material: Field journals....................................................................................................................56 2.3.4. Material: Interviews..........................................................................................................................58 Interviews in 1996......................................................................................................................................................59 Ordinary seaman managing interview situations .....................................................................................................60 Interviews in 1999 and 2000 .....................................................................................................................................61 Questions ....................................................................................................................................................................64 Reflections on interviews ..........................................................................................................................................64 2.3.5. Processing of material ......................................................................................................................65 3. SHIPWORLD.................................................................................................................................................66 Sailor, Seaman, Crew: Terminology ..........................................................................................................67 3.1. HISTORY OF FINNISH SEAFARING..............................................................................................................68 3.2. TIME AND SPACE........................................................................................................................................71 Artificial time .............................................................................................................................................................74 Space...........................................................................................................................................................................74 Hierarchical space......................................................................................................................................................75 Judicial space..............................................................................................................................................................77 3.3. HIERARCHY AND ORGANIZATION .............................................................................................................78 Mechanistic approach to ship ....................................................................................................................................78 Captain ........................................................................................................................................................................81 Organizational chart...................................................................................................................................................82 “Duty and Mutiny”.....................................................................................................................................................83 Formal hierarchy and the social organization ..........................................................................................................84 3.4. CLOSED COMMUNITY, TOTAL INSTITUTION ..............................................................................................85 2 Different types of total institutions ...........................................................................................................................87 Barriers........................................................................................................................................................................89 Fieldwork in total institution .....................................................................................................................................90 3.5. GENDER......................................................................................................................................................93 Men .............................................................................................................................................................................94 Kalle Aaltonen............................................................................................................................................................94 Male kingdom on board...........................................................................................................................................102 Occupational titles....................................................................................................................................................104