Modern Intellectual Property Law Modern Intellectual Property Law combines coverage of each intellectual property right granted for creations of the mind into a thoughtful, unified textbook. Decon- structing the fundamental topics into short, clear sections separated by subheadings throughout, Colston and Galloway’s text is the ideal student companion to this intriguing area of the law. This new edition has been completely revised to bring it up to date with the latest debate and changes to the law. All significant recent developments are covered including the continuing controversy over patents for computer- implemented inventions and biotechnological inventions, the House of Lords’ developments of patent law, the ECJ jurisprudence relating to trade mark dilution and comparative advertising, as well as the database right, and international efforts to reconcile copyright with peer-to-peer file sharing. This text also discusses the ongoing effort to achieve an appropriate balance between intellectual property and competition law in order to protect market competition while retaining key incentives to drive the process of innovation. Written for students, this accessible and comprehensive textbook provides the perfect starting point for anyone studying intellectual property law in the UK. Catherine Colston is a Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Strathclyde. She teaches postgraduate and undergraduate classes in Issues in Intellectual Property (Hons) and Intellectual Property and her research spans both Intellectual Property and Information Technology Law. Jonathan Galloway is a Lecturer in Law at Newcastle University and an Attorney at law in New York. His teaching and research focuses primarily on UK and EU Com- petition Law. Modern Intellectual Property Law Third Edition Catherine Colston Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Strathclyde. Jonathan Galloway Lecturer in Law at Newcastle University. Previous two editions by Catherine Colston and Kirstie Middleton Third edition published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2010 Catherine Colston and Jonathan Galloway Previous editions published by Cavendish Publishing Limited First edition 1999 Second edition 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-86917-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-55672-4 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-55671-6 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-86917-6 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-55672-9 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-55671-2 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-86917-8 (ebk) Outline Contents Preface xiv Table of cases xvi Table of statutes xlii Table of statutory instruments lii Table of EU legislation liv Table of treaties and conventions lvii Useful websites lx 1 Introduction 1 2 Justification 32 3 The Patent 62 4 Patentable Subject Matter 106 5 Patentable Inventions 165 6 Infringement, Validity and Revocation 205 7 Breach of Confidence 231 8 Copyright Principles, Copyright Works and Related Rights 278 9 The Subsistence and Substance of Copyright and Related Rights 332 10 Infringement of Copyright and Defences 359 11 Employing Copyright: Permitted Copyright uses, Dealings in Works and Competition 404 12 Moral Rights 447 13 Design Rights 470 14 Passing Off 537 15 Registered Trade Marks 577 16 Trade Mark Infringement and Challenges to Trade Marks 645 17 Property and Dealings in Marks and Domain Name Disputes 700 18 Image Protection 733 19 Enforcement 772 Index 819 Detailed Contents Preface xiv Table of cases xvi Table of statutes xlii Table of statutory instruments lii Table of EU legislation liv Table of treaties and conventions lvii Useful websites lx 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Protection for Ideas 3 1.2 Means for Protecting Ideas 3 1.3 Sources of Intellectual Property Law 7 1.4 Intellectual Property Rights and Free Movement 13 1.5 Intellectual Property and Competition Law and Policy 20 1.6 Other Impacts of EU Law on National Intellectual Property Laws 29 1.7 Harmonisation Directives and EU-wide Rights 29 2 JUSTIFICATION 32 Introduction 33 2.1 The Nature of Exclusive Rights 35 2.2 An Alternative Approach: Unfair Competition 40 2.3 Justifications 44 2.4 Justifications for Patents 47 2.5 Justifications for Copyright 52 2.6 Trade Marks 56 3 THE PATENT 62 Introduction 63 3.1 The Development of Patents 63 3.2 Patent Terminology 68 3.3 Patents Act 1977 69 3.4 Application for a Patent 71 3.5 Ownership of the Patent 76 3.6 The Compensation Scheme 81 3.7 The Proprietary Right 87 viii DETAILED CONTENTS 3.8 Patent Licences 88 3.9 Patents and Free Movement 90 3.10 Patents and Competition Law 91 4 PATENTABLE SUBJECT MATTER 106 Introduction 107 4.1 Inventions 107 4.2 Excluded Categories 110 4.3 Computer Programs 112 4.4 Discoveries and Mathematical Methods 126 4.5 Schemes, Rules and Methods 129 4.6 Presentations of Information 133 4.7 Aesthetic Creations 133 4.8 Exclusions on the Ground of Morality and Public Policy 133 4.9 Biological Inventions 144 4.10 Medical Inventions 152 5 PATENTABLE INVENTIONS 165 Introduction 166 5.1 Novelty 166 5.2 Inventive Step 185 5.3 Industrial Application 195 5.4 Disclosure 198 6 INFRINGEMENT, VALIDITY AND REVOCATION 205 Introduction 206 6.1 Construction of Claims 206 6.2 Infringing Acts 218 6.3 Defences 224 6.4 Revocation and Opposition 228 6.5 Non-binding Opinions as to Validity by the Patent Office 229 7 BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 231 Introduction 232 7.1 The Juridical Basis of the Action 232 7.2 Development of the Action 234 7.3 The Conditions for a Remedy 234 7.4 Information 235 7.5 Confidentiality of Information 240 7.6 Residual Confidentiality in Published Information 245 DETAILED CONTENTS ix 7.7 The Obligation of Confidence 250 7.8 The Direct Recipient – Express Obligations 251 7.9 The Indirect Recipient 258 7.10 No Relationship 260 7.11 Breach 264 7.12 Defences 267 7.13 Public Interest 268 7.14 Remedies 272 8 COPYRIGHT PRINCIPLES, COPYRIGHT WORKS AND RELATED RIGHTS 278 Introduction 279 8.1 The Development of Copyright 279 8.2 Basic Principles 285 8.3 Copyright Works 290 8.4 Original Works 291 8.5 Literary Works 298 8.6 Dramatic Works 300 8.7 Musical Works 303 8.8 Artistic Works 305 8.9 Derivative Works 312 8.10 Related Rights 316 8.11 Unoriginal Databases 317 8.12 Rights for Performers in Performances 325 9 THE SUBSISTENCE AND SUBSTANCE OF COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS 332 Introduction 333 9.1 Qualification 333 9.2 Authorship 336 9.3 Ownership of Copyright 340 9.4 Duration of Copyright 346 9.5 Refusal of Copyright 350 9.6 The Exclusive Rights 351 9.7 Droit de Suite 356 9.8 Public Lending Right 357 10 INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND DEFENCES 359 Introduction 360 10.1 Primary Infringement 360 10.2 Authorising Infringement 375 x DETAILED CONTENTS 10.3 Infringement of Secondary Works 386 10.4 Secondary Infringement 386 10.5 Protection for Technological Measures 389 10.6 Protection for Electronic Rights Management 393 10.7 Offences 394 10.8 Defences 396 11 EMPLOYING COPYRIGHT: PERMITTED COPYRIGHT USES, DEALINGS IN WORKS AND COMPETITION 404 Introduction 405 11.1 Permitted Acts 405 11.2 Fair Dealing 407 11.3 Incidental Inclusion 416 11.4 Home Copying 417 11.5 The Internet 419 11.6 News and Media 422 11.7 Educational Copying and Libraries 423 11.8 Computer Programs 425 11.9 Other Permitted Acts 426 11.10 Copyright (Visually Impaired Persons) Act 2002 426 11.11 Dealing with Copyright 427 11.12 Collective Licensing and the Copyright Tribunal 430 11.13 The Copyright Tribunal 431 11.14 Copyright and Competition Law 432 11.15 Copyright and Free Movement 442 12 MORAL RIGHTS 447 Introduction 448 12.1 The Background 448 12.2 The UK before the CDPA 1988 450 12.3 The CDPA 1988 453 12.4 The Right of Paternity 455 12.5 Right of Integrity 458 12.6 The Right against False Attribution 463 12.7 The Right to Privacy 464 12.8 Waiver of Rights 465 12.9 Commentary 467 13 DESIGN RIGHTS 470 Introduction 471 13.1 Design 471 DETAILED CONTENTS xi 13.2 Copyright and Design 475 13.3 UK Registered Design Right 480 13.4 The Old Law 483 13.5 The New Law 491 13.6 UK Unregistered Design Right 509 13.7 Community Designs 525 13.8 Registered Community Design 529 13.9 Unregistered Community Design Right 533 13.10 Design Rights and Competition Law 535 14 PASSING OFF 537 Introduction 538 14.1 The Relationship of Passing Off to Registration for Trade Marks 538 14.2 The Development and Definition of Passing Off 539 14.3 Reputation 545 14.4 Goodwill 546 14.5 Coincidence of Reputation and Goodwill 549 14.6 Misrepresentation 555 14.7 Damage 567 14.8 Lookalike Products 573 15 REGISTERED TRADE MARKS 577 Introduction 578 15.1 Trade Marks 579 15.2 Registration of a Mark 586 15.3 The Definition of a Trade Mark 592 15.4 The Absolute Grounds of Refusal 604 15.5 Not a Trade Mark 608 15.6 Non-Distinctive