Haec Templa: Religion in Cicero’s Orations A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY NICHOLAS ROBERT WAGNER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Spencer Cole April 2019 © NICHOLAS WAGNER 2019 Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my advisor, Spencer Cole, who provided helpful feedback and recommendations throughout the entire process of this dissertation and deserves singular acknowledgement. The project originated with a 2013 course on Roman religion. That, along with numerous meetings and emails, has been fundamental to my approach to the subject. I would also like to thank my other committee members, Christopher Nappa, Andrew Gallia, and Richard Graff, all of whom provided immensely useful feedback at various stages, both in the scope of the project and future directions to train my attention. Next, thanks are due to the faculty and the graduate students in the Department of Classical and Near Eastern Studies at the University of Minnesota. Their support over the years has been invaluable, both academically and socially. Special thanks are due to current student Joshua Reno and former student Rachael Cullick. Lunches with them, where they patiently heard my ideas in its earliest stages, will be ever-cherished. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and siblings for their endless support over the years. Sometimes a nice meal or a break at the movies is exactly what was needed. i Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my parents and their parents. ii Table of Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Cicero and Lived Religion ......................................................................................................... 4 Oratory and The Elites of Rome ............................................................................................. 14 A Look Ahead ........................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 1: The Enemy of Religio: The Verrine Procedure ........................................ 33 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 33 Divinatio in Q. Caecilium ......................................................................................................... 35 In Verrem Actio Prima .............................................................................................................. 49 In Verrem Actio Secunda .......................................................................................................... 64 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 111 Chapter 2: The Monster in the Walls: The Threat to Concordia in the Consular Orations ......................................................................................................................... 115 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 115 De lege agraria contra Rullum ............................................................................................... 118 Pro Rabirio perduellionis reo.................................................................................................. 127 In Catilinam I .......................................................................................................................... 136 In Catilinam II......................................................................................................................... 150 In Catilinam III ....................................................................................................................... 162 In Catilinam IV ....................................................................................................................... 174 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 184 Chapter 3: A Tribune of the Plebs, Acting Alone: The Post Reditum Speeches...... 187 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 187 Post Reditum in Senatu and Post Reditum ad Populum ....................................................... 192 De Domo Sua ........................................................................................................................... 216 De Haruspicum Responsis ...................................................................................................... 240 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 260 Chapter 4: The Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing in The Philippics ..................................... 263 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 263 Marcus Antonius: Worse Than Catiline .............................................................................. 269 Cicero and The New Coalition .............................................................................................. 302 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 328 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 332 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 346 Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 376 Cicero’s Chosen Successor in the Pro Murena .................................................................... 376 iii List of Abbreviations Abbreviations AJAH American Journal of Ancient History AJArch. American Journal of Archaeology AC Acta Classica AJPhil. American Journal of Philology ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (1972– ) BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, London BNP Beard, Mary, John North, and Simon Price. Religions of Rome: Volume I, A History C&M Classica et Mediaevalia CAH Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edn. (1961– ; 1st edn. 1923–39) CJ Classical Journal Cl. Ant. Classical Antiquity CPhil. Classical Philology CQ Classical Quarterly CR Classical Review CW Classical World G & R Greece and Rome, ns (1954/5– ) Harv. Stud. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology Hist. Historia, Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte JRS Journal of Roman Studies MRR T. R. S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (1951–2); Suppl. (1986: supersedes Suppl. 1960) Rom. Staatsr. Römisches Staatsrecht, vols. 13, 23 (1887), (1888) RRC Crawford, Michael H. Roman Republican Coinage II TAPA Transactions of the American Philological Association ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik ZSS Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Romanistische Abtheilung. Classical texts are abbreviated following the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th edition. iv Introduction The question of what Roman religion was, let alone what it meant for Romans of the late republic, is a notoriously difficult one.1 Where once the “religion of ancient Rome” could be dismissed out of hand as the empty beliefs of pagans, whose practices were also nefariously manipulative, the subject is now studied so that Rome’s religious system, as we define it,2 is viewed as a vibrant and dynamic phenomenon in its own right. Where once Rome’s religion was thought to have declined from a pristine religion of Rome’s foundation into a faint echo of that “pure” ancestor, it is now recognized as a religion under constant, if slow, change and evolution in a variety of different manifestations.3 It is also, slowly, becoming more recognized that the distinct modern concept of “religion” would have been rather foreign to a Roman, certainly of Cicero’s time but likely even well after Christianity had arrived.4 Thus, for my own purposes and following Nongbri’s work, I use the terms “religion” and “religious” as redescriptive 1 Scheid (2003) argues that “Roman religion” is a bit of a misnomer, since there were different religions for different Roman social groups like families, military units, colleges of public servants, etc. (p. 19). Rüpke (2013b) rejects the term “religions” to describe Rome because it suggests an aspect of “sects,” which would be a miscategorization (p. 8). Others like Nongbri (2008 and 2013) and Barton and Boyarin (2016) push pack against the term “religion” entirely for Rome. I have tried to use the term as a modern category, not as an attempt to draw a Roman definition. 2 I note here a point that will be expanded upon in short order, namely that I often use terms like “Rome’s religious system” and “Roman religious practices” redescriptively, or as a modern category applied to Rome that Romans would not have used themselves. For more on this, see Nongbri (2013), pp. 16-18. 3 North (2000), pp. 17, 29; BNP (1998), pp. 10-11; Feeney (1998), pp. 76-77. 4 Two recent works on this are Nongbri (2013) and Barton & Boyarin (2016), with the latter expressly considering Cicero in a more extensive manner.