<p><strong>Niche parties in the Benoit and Laver expert survey </strong></p><p><strong>Note: </strong>1) This list is not to be treated as exhaustive as the expert survey restricted itself to the most important parties in each country. Many smaller parties are therefore not included in the dataset. 2)Only countries with more than three parties are included in the analysis as it is not reasonable to calculate mean salience scores with just one or two competitors. While smaller party systems may also have niche parties, it is difficult to assess relative levels of salience if the number of other competitors is so small. This excludes Malta and the United States from the sample for this survey. 3) Party family information is taken from the CMP dataset. 4) For more on the survey and precise question wording, see: Benoit, K. and M. Laver (2006) Party Policy in Modern Democracies, Routledge, London. </p><p><strong>Country Austria </strong></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>Party </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Party family </strong></li></ul><p></p><p>Liberal </p><p><strong>Niche issues </strong></p><p>Immigration <br>Freedom Party (FPÖ) Greens <br>Immigration, Social policy, Environment <br>Green <br>Social Policy, Immigration Decentralization </p><p><strong>Belgium </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">National Front (FN) </li><li style="flex:1">n/a </li></ul><p>New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) Vlaams Blok (VB) n/a </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Decentralization, Immigration, Social Policy </li><li style="flex:1">Ethno-regionalist </li></ul><p>Decentralization Decentralization </p><p><strong>Britain Canada </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Plaid Cmyru </li><li style="flex:1">Ethno-regionalist </li></ul><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Ethno-regionalist </li><li style="flex:1">Scottish National Party </li></ul><p>Decentralization, Quebec Environment <br>Bloc Quebecois Green Party <br>Ethno-regionalist Green </p><p>Social Policy </p><p><strong>Denmark Finland </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Christian People's Party (KrF) </li><li style="flex:1">Christian Democratic </li></ul><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Social Policy </li><li style="flex:1">Christian Democrats (KD) </li></ul><p>True Finns (PS) <br>Christian Democratic </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Agrarian </li><li style="flex:1">Immigration, Social Policy, EU: Authority </li></ul><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Immigration, Social policy, Environment </li><li style="flex:1">Green League (VL) </li><li style="flex:1">Green </li></ul><p>Social Policy, Globalization, EU: Larger/stronger </p><p><strong>France </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Mouvement pour la France </li><li style="flex:1">n/a </li></ul><p>EU: Larger/Stronger <br>Rassemblement pour la France Front National n/a </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Immigration, Globalization, EU: Larger/stronger </li><li style="flex:1">Nationalist </li></ul><p>Immigration, EU: Authority, Social Policy Social Policy, Environment, Immigration Immigration, EU: Authority, Social Policy Immigration, EU: Authority, Social Policy Immigration </p><p><strong>Germany </strong></p><p>German People's Union (DVU) Green Party n/a Green </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">n/a </li><li style="flex:1">National Democratic Party (NPD) </li></ul><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Republicans (Rep) </li><li style="flex:1">n/a </li></ul><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Schill Party </li><li style="flex:1">n/a </li></ul><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Synaspismos </li><li style="flex:1">Communist </li><li style="flex:1">Decentralization, Environment, EU: Accountability, Immigration </li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Greece Ireland </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Greens </li><li style="flex:1">Green </li><li style="flex:1">EU: Peacekeeping, Environment, EU: Strengthening </li></ul><p>EU: Peacekeeping, Northern Ireland </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Sinn Fein </li><li style="flex:1">Special Issue </li></ul><p>Environment </p><p><strong>Italy </strong></p><p>Green Party (FdV) MSFT <br>Green <br>Social Policy, Immigration Social Policy <br>Nationalist </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">n/a </li><li style="flex:1">Pannella-Bonino List </li></ul><p>Social Policy </p><p><strong>Netherlands </strong>Christian Union </p><p>Christian Democratic <br>Social Policy, EU: Accountability Social Policy </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Democrats 66 </li><li style="flex:1">Liberal </li></ul><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">n/a </li><li style="flex:1">Reformed Political Party (SGP) </li></ul><p></p><p><strong>New Zealand</strong>New Zealand First Party </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Immigration </li><li style="flex:1">Conservative </li></ul><p>Social Policy </p><p><strong>Norway Portugal </strong></p><p>Christian People's Party (KrF) Ecology Party (PEV) <br>Christian Democratic Green <br>Immigration, Social policy, Environment Decentralization </p><p><strong>Spain </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) </li><li style="flex:1">Christian Democratic </li></ul><p>Decentralization </p><p><strong>Sweden </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Centre Party </li><li style="flex:1">Agrarian </li></ul><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Green </li><li style="flex:1">Green Party (MP) </li><li style="flex:1">Environment, Decentralization, EU: Peacekeeping, EU: Accountability </li></ul><p>Environment Immigration </p><p><strong>Switzerland </strong>Green Party </p><p>Swiss Democrats (SD) <br>Green Nationalist </p>