CAMPCITIES The ambiguous reality of Palestinian refugee camps between urbanisation and humanitarian emergency 10/04/2007 1. the origin of the refugee crisis: refugee camps in the Middle East The birth of the refugee problem: location of camps in the Near East A growing population: UNRWA‘s officially registered refugees 4,500,000 800,000 Refugee population structure: registered refugees in camps 2007 Refugees outside refugee camps: 3 million Refugees inside 1948 refugee camps: 1,5 million 150,000 500,000 Refugee population structure: refugees inside and outside camps 800,000 Palestinian Non-Refugees: 450,000 Refugees outside Refugee Camps: 450,000 500,000 Refugees inside Refugee Camps: 500,000 200,000 WEST BANK GAZA STRIP 1. the origin of the refugee crisis: refugee camps in the Middle East 2. campcities as ambiguous sites: urbanisation vs. areas of exception 1. the origin of the refugee crisis: refugee camps in the Middle East 2. campcities as ambiguous sites: urbanisation vs. areas of exception 3. camp locations in West Bank: urban, sub-urban and rural context The Region: Location of West Bank Camps Jenin Nur TulkaremShams Far'a Camp No.1Aska Balatar Deir Ammar Jalazone Amari Qalandiya Ein El Sultan Aqabet Shufat Jaber Aid a Beit DeheisheJibreen Arrou b Fawwar refugee camp Palestinian built up area Green Line Context typologies: selection of three case studies Jenin • urban context (2) Nur TulkaremShams Far'a • suburban context (11) Camp No.1Aska Balatar • rural context (6) Deir Ammar Jalazone Amari Qalandiya Ein El Sultan Aqabet Shufat Jaber Aid a Beit Deheishe Jibreen Arrou b Fawwar urban context urban edge/ suburban rural Urban Location: Amari within Al Bireh Municipality Al Bireh Amari Sub-urban Location: Deheishe next to Bethlehem, Beit Jala, Doha, Artas Beit Jala Al-Kader Bethlehem Al-Doha Deheishe Artas Rural Location: Al Fawwar Fawwar 1. the origin of the refugee crisis: refugee camps in the Middle East 2. campcities as ambiguous sites: urbanisation vs. areas of exception 3. camp locations in West Bank: urban, sub-urban and rural context 4. historical evolution: horizontal growth, verticalitation, saturation Shu‘fat (1966) Shu‘fat (1980s) Shu‘fat (2000) 1. the origin of the refugee crisis: refugee camps in the Middle East 2. campcities as ambiguous sites: urbanisation vs. areas of exception 3. camp locations in West Bank: urban, sub-urban and rural context 4. historical evolution: horizontal growth, verticalitation, saturation 5. building patterns and architecture: informal growth Building patterns and architecture: thr growing house 1948 1967 1987 2003 31 persons 7 persons Building patterns and architecture: micro studies Building patterns and architecture: distribution of staircases 1. the origin of the refugee crisis: refugee camps in the Middle East 2. campcities as ambiguous sites: urbanisation vs. areas of exception 3. camp locations in West Bank: urban, sub-urban and rural context 4. historical evolution: horizontal growth, verticalitation, saturation 5. building patterns and architecture: informal growth 6. relation to context: interaction, informal spill-over and expansion Relation to context: closed borders Relation to context: engaged borders Relation to context: border zones and gates 1 Jerusalem-Nablus Road (shops, Car services) 2 Samira Street 2 (car sevices) 1 3 Western edge (black smith, car 3 services) official UNRWA camp unrecognized camp closed border engaged border Main entrance Relation to context: spill-over spill-over: blurring official UNRWA boundary by extened and self-built shelters official UNRWA camp unrecognized camp closed border engaged border main entrance spill-over Relation to context: unofficial expansion approx. 4000 people or 40 per cent of the registered camp community live beyond UNRWA borders Lifta cluster En El Sharayit spil over informal expansion Relation to context: out-Migration/ unofficial expansion in West Bank refugee living within camp registered refugees living outside of the camp but participating in its daily affairs/ UNRWA services Relation to context: conflictual landscape no formal mediating Beit Jala body/ structure is currently in place to facilitate the relation between camp bodies, UNRWA and external stakeholders for Al-Doha Al-Kader Bethlehem • conflict negotiation • the identification of ? 2 areas of mutual interest Deheishe 4 • the negotiation of joint 1 initiatives or strategic 3 visions Artas Relation to context: work migration until 2003/ 2004 Jenin • camps as hubs for Hader a low-skilled workers in Netanya Nur TulkaremShams Far'a Israel: peripheral Camp No.1Aska location as an r Kefar Balata advantage Sava Ramat Gan • even access of work Deir Ammar Rishon Leziyyon Jalazone opportunities for all Amari Qalandiya Ein El Sultan West Bank camps Aqabet Shufat Jaber West Bet Jerusalem Aid Shemesh a Beit DeheisheJibreen Arrou b Fawwar Refugee Camp Destinations for migrant workers (e.g. industrial zones) Relation to context: construction of separation wall/ fence Jenin likely long term impacts for the future: Nur TulkaremShams Far'a Camp No.1Aska • increase of Balatar polarisation: more opportunities/ potentials for centrally located Deir Ammar Jalazone camps Amari Qalandiya Ein El Sultan Aqabet Shufat Jaber • possible new Aid internal migration a Beit DeheisheJibreen towards the centre Arrou b (refugees are more mobile than ordinary Fawwar citizens) central camps peripheral camps 1. the origin of the refugee crisis: refugee camps in the Middle East 2. campcities as ambiguous sites: urbanisation vs. areas of exception 3. camp locations in West Bank: urban, sub-urban and rural context 4. historical evolution: horizontal growth, verticalitation, saturation 5. building patterns and architecture: informal growth 6. relation to context: interaction, informal spill-over and expansion 7. strategic master plan: mapping of needs, assets, potent. action areas Problems and needs: Assets and potentials: lack of expansion for passing traffic as business businesses opportunity condition of main road Problems and needs: Assets and potentials: dispersal of institutions formation of institutional clusters UNRWA campus as ghetto possibilities to expans congested zone Problems and needs: Assets and potentials: congestion agricultual land around camp as possible zone for buildings risks expansion social polarisation Problems and needs: Assets and potentials: lack of access in some central agrlcultural zone as camp areas (bottle necks) green zone condition of main road/ external open spaces in danger passing traffic quarter bad road connectiond to Hieraschical road system expansion zones of camp 1. the origin of the refugee crisis: refugee camps in the Middle East 2. campcities as ambiguous sites: urbanisation vs. areas of exception 3. camp locations in West Bank: urban, sub-urban and rural context 4. historical evolution: horizontal growth, verticalitation, saturation 5. building patterns and architecture: informal growth 6. relation to context: interaction, informal spill-over and expansion 7. strategic master plan: mapping of needs, assets, potent. action areas 8. urban accupunction: community driven small-scale interventions .