Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control IMPLEMENTATION AND STAtuS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTRol OF THE HEMLOCK WOOLLY AdelgId United States Forest Forest Health FHTET-2011-04 Department Service Technology December 2011 of Agriculture Enterprise Team Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control IMPLEMENTATION AND STAtuS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTRol OF THE HEMLOCK WOOLLY AdelgId United States Forest Forest Health FHTET-2011-04 Department Service Technology December 2011 of Agriculture Enterprise Team IMPLEMENTATION AND STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ On the cover: Center photo: Hemlock woolly adelgid white woolly masses on a hemlock branch (USDA Forest Service, Karen Felton) Top right: Sasajiscymnus tsugae predatory beetle (USDA Forest Service, Lynn Jones); Middle right: Collecting and checking hemlock branch samples for Laricobius nigrinus predatory beetle larvae (USDA Forest Service, Brad Onken); Bottom center: Collecting Laricobius nigrinus predatory beetles in Idaho (USDA Forest Service, Brad Onken); Middle left: Releasing Laricobius nigrinus predatory beetles (USDA Forest Service, Brad Onken); Top left: Laricobius nigrinus predatory beetle (USDA Forest Service, Lynn Jones) For additional copies of this publication, contact: Brad Onken Richard Reardon U.S. Forest Service U.S. Forest Service 180 Canfi eld Street 180 Canfi eld Street Morgantown, WV 26505 Morgantown, WV 26505 (304) 285-1546 (304) 285-1566 [email protected] [email protected] The entire publication is available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/na/morgantown/fhp/hwa The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To fi le a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Offi ce of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, fi rm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an offi cial endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Federal Recycling Program Printed on recycled paper IMPLEMENTATION AND STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID Technical Coordinators Brad Onken Forest Health Protection, U.S. Forest Service 180 Canfi eld Street, Morgantown, WV 26505 Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, U.S. Forest Service 180 Canfi eld Street, Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S. Forest Service Publication FHTET-2011-04 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the authors of the individual chapters We would also like to thank the U.S. Department for their expertise in reviewing and summarizing of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health the literature and providing current information Protection, Northeastern Area, Region 8, and Forest on biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid. Health Technology Enterprise Team, for providing Thanks to Wendy Harding for design and layout funding for the preparation and printing of this of this publication. Special thanks to the many publication. graduate students, technicians, and summer fi eld and laboratory assistants, too numerous to list here, for their hard work and dedication to the development of biological control for hemlock woolly adelgid. PREFACE Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae implementation of management options to reduce (Annand), remains the single greatest threat to the the spread and impact of HWA. A second 5-year health and sustainability of hemlock as a forest program (2008-2012) was funded to continue resource in the eastern United States. It is an exotic and to accelerate the development of research and pest native to Asia and western North America. technology, management, and information transfer First discovered in the eastern United States in 1951 program components. near Richmond, VA, the pathway and source of the introduction are believed to have originated from Although the earliest investigations into HWA southern Japan on nursery stock. In the late 1980s, biological control date back to the early 1990s, the HWA began to spread rapidly from its point of biological control effort has been greatly expanded introduction. It has since spread to 17 eastern states with the onset of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid threatening two species of hemlock: the eastern Initiative and has involved 28 federal and state hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr., and Carolina agencies, 24 universities, 7 institutions in China and hemlock, Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. On these Japan, and numerous private industries. Biological hemlocks, HWA has two generations per year and control offers a potential long-term solution to is parthogenic; that is, all individuals are female, suppression of HWA and needs to become the focal capable of reproducing. component of an integrated management program. The Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Initiative began in The purpose of this book is to provide a reference 2003 with the development of a 5-year program guide for field workers and land managers on the (2003-2007) in cooperation with the U.S. historical and current status of the biological control Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the of hemlock woolly adelgid. Th is book is a substantial Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), revision of FHTET-2004-04, Biological Control of the National Association of State Foresters, and Hemlock Woolly Adelgid. the National Plant Board for the development and TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION I INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Hemlock Woolly Adelgid and its Hemlock Hosts: A Global Perspective . .3 Nathan Havill, Michael E. Montgomery, and Melody A. Keena Chapter 2: Simulations of Population Dynamics of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid and Potential Impact of Biological Control Agents . .15 Joseph S. Elkinton, Robert T. Trotter, and Ann F. Paradis Chapter 3: Understanding Federal Regulations as Guidelines for Classical Biological Control Programs . .25 Michael E. Montgomery SECTION II AGENTS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Chapter 4: Sasajiscymnus (=Pseudoscymnus) tsugae, a ladybeetle from Japan . .43 Carole Cheah Chapter 5: Scymnus (Neopullus) Lady Beetles from China . .53 Michael E. Montgomery and Melody A. Keena Chapter 6: Laricobius nigrinus Fender (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) . .77 D.L. Mausel, G.A. Davis, A.S. Lamb, G.M.G. Zilahi-Balogh, L.T. Kok, and S.M. Salom Chapter 7: Laricobius osakensis, a Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Predator from Japan . .90 Ashley Lamb, Michael E. Montgomery, Ligia Cota Viera, Shigehiko Shiyake, and Scott Salom Chapter 8: Chamaemyiid Predators of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid from the Pacific Northwest . .97 Darrell W. Ross, Stephen D. Gaimari, Glenn R. Kohler, Kimberly F. Wallin, and Sarah M. Grubin Chapter 9: Insect-Killing Fungi for HWA Management: Current Status . 107 Scott D. Costa Chapter 10: Other Species Considered . 116 Michael E. Montgomery, Thomas J. McAvoy, and Scott M. Salom SECTION III LABORATORY REARING FOR FIELD RELEASE Chapter 11: Rearing labs and distribution of predators for release. 125 Carrie S. Jubb Chapter 12: Microsporidian Disease in Predatory Beetles . 133 Leellen Solter, Wei-Fone Huang, and Brad Onken Chapter 13: Defining PC/QC Standards for Mass-Rearing HWA Predators. 139 Allen C. Cohen, Carole Cheah, Kathleen Kidd, and Thom Hodgson Chapter 14: Development of Artifi cial Diets for Predators of Hemlock Woolly Adelgids . 148 Allen C. Cohen and Carole Cheah SECTION IV ESTABLISHMENT AND MONITORING Chapter 15: Whole Tree Enclosures: A Tool to Assess Introduced Predators of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae. 161 Jerome F. Grant, Rusty Rhea, Gregory J. Wiggins, Abdul Hakeem, and Paris L. Lambdin Chapter 16: A Case Study of a Release of the Predator Laricobius nigrinus Fender against Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae, Annand, at the Urban Community Forest Interface: Hemlock Hill, Lees-McRae College, Banner Elk, North Carolina . 168 Richard McDonald, David Mausel, Scott Salom, and Loke T. Kok Chapter 17: The HWA Predator Release and Recovery Database . 176 Andy Roberts, Ashley Lamb, Brad Onken, and Scott Salom SECTION V ADDITIONAL TOPICS Chapter 18: Field Insectary: Concept for Future Predator Production . 195 Scott Salom, Loke T. Kok, Tom McAvoy, and Richard McDonald Chapter 19: Integrating Chemical and Biological Control. 199 Scott Salom, Albert Mayfi eld, and Tom McAvoy Chapter 20: Integrating the Early Steps of Host Selection Behavior into Biological Control of HWA . 202 Kimberly F. Wallin Chapter 21: The Introduction of Laricobius nigrinus as a Biological Control Agent for the Hemlock Woolly