Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01350-6 - Niemandsland: A History of Unoccupied Germany, 1944–1945 Gareth Pritchard Index More information Index AAM (Antifaschistische Arbeitergruppe Schneeberg 82–3, 86, 87, 98–9, 130, Mitteldeutschlands) 6, 13 204; Schönheide 149, 150, 154; Abertamy (Czech Republic) see Abertham Schwarzenberg 76, 86, 87, 88, 89, 101, Abertham (Czechoslovakia) 43 102–4, 105, 132, 142, 153, 154; Sosa accommodation and housing 2, 10, 12, 18, 189, 190; Stollberg 87; Tellerhäuser 62, 171 99; Zschocken 88; Zschorlau 135; and the action committees 111–12, 114, Zwönitz 87, 88 119–20, 138, 163 see also accommodation and housing, under Soviet occupation 198, 199 American Army, antifascists, churches action committees (in Niemandsland) 2, 4, and Christians, Communists, de- 28–9, 36, 81, 85, 207, 213–14 Nazification, District Action authoritarianism of 90, 96, 97, 98–9, 100, Committee, electricity, food, foreign 105, 107, 112, 119–21, 123, 136, 168, workers, gas, industry, liberals, local 176–8, 191, 217, 229 government, Niemandsland, police, composition 79, 82, 86–9, 221 prisoners of war, public order, Red dissolution and afterlife 180–1, Army, refugees, schools and education, 189–91, 217 Social Democrats, transport, water, effectiveness 117–21 Wehrmacht, women, workplace propaganda and public information 76, councils 80, 84–5, 135, 153, 155, 157–60, 164, advisory committees 154–5, 176 171, 173, 176 Affalter (western Erzgebirge) 87, 89, 186, public meetings 112, 153–4, 155, 156, 187, 222 160, 164, 173, 176, 214 AFO (Antifaschistische Organisation) 6, 8 unrepresentative nature 93–4, 127–8, AfW (Ausschüss für Wiederaufbau) 6, 9, 152, 216, 217, 228 13, 22–3 in specific localities: Affalter 87, 189; air raids (impact of) 52–3, 59, 100, 110, 173, Albernau 88; Aue 82, 87, 120–1, 123–4; 177, 220 Beierfeld 80–1, 88, 102, 131–2, 145–6, Albernau (western Erzgebirge) 86, 88, 197; Bermsgrün 87, 88, 154; Bockau 160, 182 88; Breitenbrunn 98, 102; Claussnitz Altenhain, Richard (industrialist) 124, 87, 131–2; Eibenstsock 87, 88, 98, 103, 146, 148 111, 123, 135, 140, 142, 169, 186, 189; American Army 6, 58, 64, 69, 70, 78, 84, 98, Grünhain 88, 102; Grünstädtel 99; 115, 117, 197, 222 Hundshübel 104, 130, 142, 149, and the action committees 81, 82, 83, 97–8, 150; Jahnsdorf 88; Johanngeorgenstadt 103–4, 109, 112–13, 122, 128–31, 135, 102, 148; Lauter 103; Lössnitz 88; 141–2, 144, 150, 151 Markersbach 99, 118, 142; and the antifascist committees 4, 10, 15, Meinersdorf 84–5, 88, 107; 16–23, 26, 114 Niederwürschnitz 88; Oberschlema 78, forays into Niemandsland 55, 81, 83, 103, 87, 194; Pöhla 142; Raschau 79, 98, 110, 113, 128–9, 131, 157 103, 104, 142, 143, 153, 168; and the general population 57, 68, 110, Rittersgrün 104–5, 142, 144; 129, 132, 135, 197 240 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01350-6 - Niemandsland: A History of Unoccupied Germany, 1944–1945 Gareth Pritchard Index More information Index 241 and local government 19, 20, 21–2, 81–4, attitudes to the Red Army 131–3, 197–202 92, 107, 114–15,127, 131, 133, 190, collapse of antifascist unity 203–8, 211 225–6 disagreements amongst 83–5, 122, 129, military operations 6, 21, 52–7, 60, 65–7, 132–3, 144–5, 148, 150–1 73, 81, 179 experiences of antifascists under the military units: Third Army 53; Seventh Third Reich 5, 6, 8, 41–8, 75, 91, Army 56; Ninth Army 115; 89th 117–18, 169–70 Infantry Division 54–5 formative experiences 35–41, 90–1 see also de-Nazification, Niemandsland privileges of after 1945 15, 126, 169–70 American zone of occupation 18, 133, relationship with the general population 171–2, 225 41, 48, 51, 86, 118, 120–1, 122, 129, see also western zones of occupation 133, 152–78, 197, 199, 200–2, 207–12, Andreas, Albert (mayor of Beierfeld) 80–1 216–17, 219–223, 228–9 Annaberg (western Erzgebirge) 39, 68, 104, self-understanding 37–8, 48, 51, 162, 109, 114, 116, 129, 131–2, 135, 142, 168–71, 176–8, 219, 227 144, 190 taking power in Niemandsland 2, 3, 52, Annaberger Tageblatt 144 67, 73–94, 216, 218, 223 Anthonsthal (western Erzgebirge) 183 see also action committees, antifascist anti-Communism 131, 220, 221–2, 226, 229 committees, Communists, de- Antifa-Bewegung (County of Nazification, local government, Social Schwarzenberg) 155–7, 161–2, 163, Democrats, women 176, 180, 191 Army Group Centre (Wehrmacht) 56 Antifa-Front-Aue 155–7, 162, 169, 170, Aue (western Erzgebirge) 1, 31, 35, 54, 66, 176, 180 82, 86 antifascist committees (antifas) 4–29, 86, before 1933 32, 34, 37, 50, 51 88, 90 from 1933 to 8 May 1945 41, 47, 53, 57, historiography of 23–8, 150–1, 213–19 58, 61, 64 in specific localities: Berlin 24; Bottrop under antifascist rule 37, 48, 81–2, 85, 87, 12; Bremen 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 19; 89, 120, 121, 123–5, 133, 136, 137, Chemnitz 6, 9, 14, 20; Coelsfeld 8; 138, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, 155–6, Dortmund 11, 13; Dresden 4, 7; 157, 174, 184 Eilenburg 7; Flöha 9, 14; Frankfurt 4, under Soviet occupation 163, 179, 6, 8, 10; Friedersdorf 9; Halle 5–6, 13; 181, 182, 187, 190, 191, 192, 196, Hamburg 8–9, 12, 13; Hanover 6, 9, 200, 204, 206, 207, 209, 210, 221–2 13, 19, 22–3; Leipzig 5, 7, 12, 13, 19, at Zero Hour 69–70, 73, 109, 128 21–2; Limbach 6; Mansfeld 4; Meissen Auerbach (western Erzgebirge) 55, 129, 12, 20; Merseburg 5–6, 13; Munich 130, 133 13–14; Niederwiesa 6; Oberstdorf 8, Austria 56 14; Olbernhau 6–7, 15; Siegburg 9; Solingen 20; Stuttgart 9, 12, 15, 19, 20; Bach, Paul (KPD) 78–9, 190 Velbert 9; Weimar 6 Baring, Arnulf (historian) 228 see also accommodation and housing, Bauer, Anton (KPD) 187 American Army, antifascists, British Bauer, Robert (NSDAP) 143 Army, churches and Christians, de- Baumann, Kurt (KPD) 37–8, 47 Nazification, electricity, food, foreign Bautzen (Saxony) 194, 195 workers, gas, Communists, liberals, Bavaria 8, 14, 56, 86, 219 local government, police, prisoners of BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 2 war, public order, Red Army, SED, BdM (Bund deutscher Mädel) 57, 70 Social Democrats, transport, water, Beierfeld (western Erzgebirge) Wehrmacht antifascists take power in 77, 79–81, 94 antifascists before 8 May 1945 62, 69 alleged abuses of power by 120–1, 138, under antifascist rule 102, 109, 113, 143, 175, 178, 209, 210, 216 131–2, 134, 136, 145–6 attitudes to Nazis and Nazism 8, 51, under Soviet occupation 197, 200, 138–41, 149, 153, 158–60, 164–8, 204, 206 177, 182, 192–3, 196–7, 213, 221 Beratende Ausschüsse see advisory committees © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01350-6 - Niemandsland: A History of Unoccupied Germany, 1944–1945 Gareth Pritchard Index More information 242 Index Beratungsausschüsse see advisory committees and the antifascist committees 8, 9 Berlin 23, 24–5, 148, 182, 183, 187 under allied occupation 181, 184, 195–6, Bermsgrün (western Erzgebirge) 200, 204, 225–6 before 8 May 1945 32, 39–40, 41, 42 see also industrial committees, industry under antifascist rule 75, 87, 88, 89, 90, 116, 125, 127, 143, 154 Cannstatt (Baden-Württemberg) 15 under Soviet occupation 184, 204 Catholic Church see churches and Christians Bernatzky, Oskar (Wehrmacht) 64 CDU (Christliche Demokratische Bernsbach (western Erzgebirge) 34, 63, 115, Union) see Christian Democrats 196–7 Centre Party see Zentrum Bernstein, Eduard (SPD) 25 chambers of commerce 22, 226 Bessel, Richard (historian) 16, 48 Chemnitz (Saxony) 6, 9, 14, 20, 31, 58, Betriebsräte see workplace councils 73, 98 Bevin, Ernest 17–18 children see young people and children Beyer (pastor) 134, 136 Christian Democrats 23, 147, 181–2, 190, Bezirks-Aktionsausschuss see District Action 204, 205, 211, 222, 226 Committee churches and Christians Biddiscombe, Perry (historian) 39, 115 and the action committees 82, 87, 122, black market 97, 121, 221 133–6, 150, 151, 203 Bley, Heinrich (SPD) 47, 83–5, 91, 93, and the antifascist committees 7, 8, 10, 140–1, 145, 170, 190, 192 12, 135 Bockau (western Erzgebirge) 44, 59, 88, 186 in the Western Erzgebirge 32, 38–9, 49, Boehling, Rebecca (historian) 10, 25–6, 54, 134 150, 217, 225 in the western zones of occupation Bohemia (Czechoslovakia) 62 221, 226 Bolsheviks 24, 218 under Soviet occupation 181–2, 184, bomb plot of 20 July 1944 46, 91, 150 203–4 Borsdorf, Ulrich (historian) 29 Churchill, Winston 58 Bottrop (North Rhine-Westphalia) 12 circles of friends see Freundschaftskreise Brandt, Otto (KPD) 145, 161, 174, 210 Claussnitz (Saxony) 73, 87, 131–2 Brandt, Peter (historian) 25 Clay, Lucius (US Army) 18 Breitenbrunn (western Erzgebirge) 98, 102, Cliff, Tony (Trotskyist) 26, 217–18, 219 182, 198, 222 coal 2, 100–1 Breitenhof (western Erzgebirge) 114 co-determination 124, 125 Breitscheid, Rudolf (SPD) 137 Coelsfeld (North Rhine-Westphalia) 8 Bremen 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 19 Cold War 56, 206 Britain 1, 25, 26, 42, 158, 179 Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 91 British Army 1, 13, 70, 222 Communists (western Erzgebirge) 2, 156, and the antifascist committees 4, 8, 10, 177–8, 219 11, 12, 15, 16–23, 26 before 1933 32, 33–4, 50, 79, 90–1, 184 and local government 19, 225, 226 from 1933 to 1941 41–4 British zone of occupation see western zones from 1941 to 8 May 1945 44–8, 68 of occupation role in taking power 74–6, 78–81, 93 Brown, Wes (US Army) 54–5, 66 role in the action committees 79, 82–5, 87, Brünlos (western Erzgebirge) 67 88, 90–1, 98, 102–4, 105, 132, 145–6, Buchenland (Rumania) 110 149, 155, 165, 169, 171, 176, 186, 191, Buchenwald see concentration camps 203, 213, 216 Büchner, Robert (historian) 20 role in local government