PEER REVIEWED PARASITE PROTOCOLS Parasite Protocols For YOUR Practice CANINE ARTHROPODS: CLASS INSECTA Recommendations from the Companion Animal Parasite Council I. Craig Prior, BVSc, CVJ Murphy Road Animal Hospital Nashville, Tennessee R. William Stich, MS, PhD University of Missouri TABLE 1. Hematophagous Insects That Parasitize Dogs The mission of the Companion Animal Parasite Council POTENTIAL (CAPC) is to foster animal and DIRECT TYPE OF INSECTA PATHOGENS EFFECT ON METAMOR- human health, while preserving CLASS VECTORED TO PETS PHOSIS the human–animal bond, PETS through recommendations Flies Arboviruses Fly strike/worry Complete for the diagnosis, treatment, (order Diptera) Dirofilaria immitis Irritation prevention, and control of Leishmania species Myiasis parasitic infections. For Fleas Bartonella species Anemia Complete more information, including (order Dipetalonema Flea allergy detailed parasite control Siphonaptera) Dipylidium caninum dermatitis Mycoplasma Pruritus recommendations, please visit species capcvet.org. Rickettsia felis and typhi Yersinia pestis ith approximately Sucking lice Bartonella species Anemia Simple 1 million species, (order Anoplura) Rickettsia Depression arthropods compose prowazekii Wthe largest of all Chewing lice Dipylidium caninum Pruritus Simple animal phyla. There are at least (order 6 arthropod classes of medical Mallophaga) importance; this article dis- True bugs Trypanosoma cruzi Papules Simple cusses those in the Insecta class (order that affect dogs in the United Hemiptera) States (Table 1). tvpjournal.com November/December 2014 Today’s Veterinary Practice 51 | PARASITE PROTOCOLS TABLE 2. Characteristics of Insects Wings* 3 leg pairs 3 body segments (head, thorax, abdomen) 1 pair of antennae * In some parasitic insects, wings are reduced to vestigial pads. 1 2 ARTHROPOD CHARACTERISTICS Figure 1. Cyclorrhaphan maggots are usually found in Characteristics that distinguish arthropods from other organic matter, whether decaying (filth flies) or living invertebrates include a hard exoskeleton and pairs of (myiasis-producing flies). Figure 2. Brachyceran larvae are often found along jointed appendages. Different arthropod taxa undergo waterways lined with vegetation and mud. different degrees of metamorphosis as they develop from immature to adult stages, which can be key to ef- fective control of arthropod ectoparasites. INSECT CHARACTERISTICS Several characteristics distinguish insects from other arthropods (Table 2). All members of an insect order share a common mat- uration process, or metamorphosis. Although entomol- ogists recognize several forms of metamorphosis, when it comes to insect control, only simple versus complex (or complete) metamorphosis is considered. • Simple metamorphosis—in which immature stag- es are similar to the adult stage—are usually ame- nable to similar control measures at all life stages • Complete metamorphosis—in which immature and adult stages are very different in appearance and, usually, habitat and food source—often require different measures for comprehensive control of dif- ferent life stages. Figure 3. Among the Nematocera, immature blackflies TRUE FLIES (ORDER DIPTERA) (B) are found in rapidly running water; immature Diptera (di meaning two, and ptera meaning wings) mosquitos (M) are found in still waters associated with usually have a single pair of wings (some, such as flooded areas, permanent pools of water, or temporarily sheep keds, are wingless). True flies can be difficult filled containers; and immature sandflies (S) are found in to control, partially because of complete metamor- crevices or burrows that offer a dark microenvironment phosis that necessitates integrated control measures.1 with high relative humidity and moderate temperature. The 3 large dipteran groups, distinguished by anten- na morphology, are also distinguishable according to control measures: Figure 4. A rodent 1. Cyclorrhaphans (filth flies, several biting flies, and bot (Cuterebra spe- myiasis-producing flies) (Figure 1) cies) in the neck of a cat. Female Cu- 2. Brachycerans (horse flies and deer flies) (Figure 2) terebra flies deposit 3. Nematocerans (mosquitoes, black flies, sandflies, eggs around burrows and midges) (Figure 3). of their natural hosts (rodents), but the larvae also invade Cyclorrhaphans predators that visit Cyclorrhaphans, including houseflies (Musca domesti- these burrows. ca), that affect domestic animals are often called “filth flies” because larval and pupal stages are associated 52 Today’s Veterinary Practice November/December 2014 tvpjournal.com PARASITE PROTOCOLS | with decaying organic material. Some filth flies, such as stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), are he- matophagous as adults. Flesh flies and bottle flies can be associated with facultative myiasis that is often secondary to poor host condition. Some muscoid flies undergo obli- gate myiasis, which requires a living host for their larval stages. Among these, rodent bots (Cuterebra species) are myiasis-producing flies found in U.S. companion animals (Figure 4). Brachycerans Adult horse flies and deer flies are voracious blood CANINE ARTHROPODS: CLASS INSECTA feeders that can serve as mechanical vectors of blood-borne pathogens, such as Francisella tula- rensis. Brachycera breed near slow-moving water with muddy banks and vegetation. Nematocerans Hematophagous female mosquitoes, sandflies, midges, and black flies are important pests them- selves; however, they are even more problematic as vectors of pathogens and parasites, including: • Filarial nematodes, such as Dirofilaria (mosqui- toes) Figure 5. Laterally flattened Ctenocephalides felis fleas • Protozoa, such as Leishmania (sandflies) feed and lay eggs that fall off the host, allowing the • Bacteria, such as Bartonella (sandflies) caterpillar-like larvae and pupae to develop in host • Arboviruses, such as West Nile virus (mosqui- bedding and other parts of the environment. Flea feces toes). (“flea dirt”) are shown on the pale skin and fur of a Larval and pupal stages require standing water heavily infested dog. (mosquitoes), rapidly moving water (black flies), or a microenvironment with high humidity (sand- Classification flies). Fleas are often ecologically adapted to their hosts, which means they may opportunistically infest aberrant hosts Control Strategies that venture into the habitats of their natural hosts. Sev- Immature and adult fly stages often require differ- eral flea species parasitize various mammalian and avian ent control strategies.1 hosts; those associated with dogs include: • Adults can be mechanically controlled with 1. Echidnophaga gallinacea (sticktight flea) traps, screens, and fans, and chemically con- 2. Tunga penetrans (chigoe or jigger), which embeds in trolled with sprays for knockdown and repel- the skin (usually on or near the bottom of the foot) lants to protect hosts. 3. Pulex irritans (human flea) • Larvae and pupae are controlled through their 4. Pulex simulans, which infests rodents, cats, coyotes, environments, such as sanitation to remove de- dogs, foxes, opossums, raccoons, and other animals caying organic material (filth flies) and standing water in containers (mosquitoes). Some flea and 5. Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea), which is rare tick preventive agents containing neonicotinoid 6. Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea). which is the most com- class pesticides are also labeled for controlling mon ectoparasite of dogs and cats in North America. 2 biting flies, mosquitoes, and sandflies. Cat fleas, however, are uncommon in areas where rela- tive humidity remains below 50% (eg, desert South- FLEAS (ORDER SIPHONAPTERA) west and Rocky Mountains). Fleas are small (≤ 1/8 inch), wingless, laterally flat- tened insects that are exceptional jumpers. In Diagnosis dogs, pruritus from adult fleas is common and ex- Adult fleas and flea dirt (ie, flea feces) can be removed acerbated by flea allergy dermatitis. In addition, from the host with a flea comb; flea dirt (Figure 5) is heavy infestations can cause anemia. Certain flea identified when placed on a moist paper towel, which species have also been incriminated as pathogen allows the blood-laden feces to dissolve into visible red 3,4 vectors. spots. tvpjournal.com November/December 2014 Today’s Veterinary Practice 53 | PARASITE PROTOCOLS Flea larvae may occasionally be found on bedding. These tiny, caterpillar-like larvae have poorly developed heads, 13 segments, and sparse setae (insect “hairs”). Control Strategies Fleas undergo complete metamorphosis, making their control particularly challenging,5 and most fleas in an in- fested environment are eggs, larvae, and pupae. Effective comprehensive flea control requires:4 A • Removal of adult fleas on pets • Elimination of environmental stages • Prevention of subsequent reinfestations. Preventives. Prevention and elimination efforts have changed dramatically over recent decades due to avail- ability of monthly flea preventives.6 Notably, in addition B to killing adult fleas, some preventive agents also contain insect growth or development inhibitors that can control immature flea stages. Because infested wildlife or stray companion animals can introduce fleas, the most effective control regimens C involve flea preventives from soon after birth (see label claims) throughout the pet’s life. However, there are sub- stantial geographic differences in distribution and sea- Figure 6. The dorsoventrally flattened sonality of cat fleas and other flea species; therefore, tai- chewing (Trichodectes canis, A)