Appendix 12 COUNTRY REPORT OF TURKEY FOR FMD A. Naci Bulut, VMD 1. OUTBREAK SITUATION 1.1. FMD situation between 2005-2007 in Turkey The disease is endemic in Anatolia Region, Two serotypes; O 1 Manisa and A type have been circulating in Anatolia Region. Outbreaks due to type Asia 1 has not been reported since April 2002 in Turkey. In 2005 majority of outbreaks were occurred with type O1 Manisa until a new A type was introduced to country on November; a total of 122 FMD outbreaks have been detected, 102 due to type O and 20 due to type A (Figure.1) Type A outbreaks have not been detected in Turkey between June 2005 and November 2005. Following the determination of one outbreak due to type A in the Eastern province of Elazıg in November and occurred 13 further outbreaks in December. According to epidemiological study results, index case was detected in Igdır province, located on Turkey and Iran border, one month earlier than Elazıg outbreak. Laboratory analysis of these viruses showed that this type A viruses were genetically quite distant from both A Iran 96 and A Iran 99 virus topotypes, both of which have been circulating in Turkey recently. The sequence data which was obtained in Ankara Sap Institute was sent to WRL Pirbright Laboratory and these viruses were closely matched with viruses isolated in Iran in 2005. 18 16 14 12 10 TYPE O 8 TYPE A 6 4 2 0 MAY JULY JUNE APRIL MARCH AUGUST JANUARY OCTOBER FEBRUARY NOVEMBER DECEMBER SEPTEMBER Fig.1. Distribution of the 2005 outbreaks in Turkey The viruses which were isolated from Iran were antigenically matched with A 22 Iraq vaccine strain. The antigenic relationship of these viruses with A Iran 96 and A Iran 99 vaccine strains were very weak. These findings of Pirbright Laboratory were confirmed in Sap Institute as well and A 22 Mahmatlı vaccine strain was determined as the best vaccine strain against these new viruses. After the introducing of type A05 Iran strain to Turkey, the disease was spread all the regions and showed its effects enormously on livestock. Since vaccine unavailability and animal movements occurred during the Kurban Festival, numbers of outbreaks were reached on pick on February 2006. Fortunately, new vaccine was delivered and implemented starting on February which was resulted the disease was taken slightly under control. However given seasonal effects, melting snow and animal movements to grazing area, the second big pick was observed during the spring time. Since the outbreaks were taken under control by effective control measures including increased field immunity level, numbers of outbreaks were decreased starting to summer and finally end of the year a few outbreak was recorded with type A 05 Iran. 85 However, a new type O strain, O pan-Asia, was introduced to Turkey on October while number of type A outbreaks were seen declining (more detailed information below on 1.2. subtitle) The disease has not been seen in Thrace Region between on June 2001-February 2006. Beginning of February, the disease occurred in this region. The isolated viruses from Thrace region were also sequenced and found to be same as new viruses isolated from Anatolia recently. Consequently, total of 16 type A05 Iran outbreaks were occurred in Thrace region in 2006. Last FMD outbreak in 2006 was occurred in Silivri district of Istanbul province, Thrace Region on 03.07.2006. In 2006, a total of 827 FMD outbreaks have been reported, 48 due to type O; 769 due to type A (fig.2). DISRIBUTION OF 2006 OUTBREAKS 200 161 150 140 TYPE A (769) 100 110 TYPE O (48) 71 79 50 50 54 27 33 NUMBER OF OUTBREAK NUMBER 20 14 24 0 7 5 3 1 2 1 2 3 10 July April May June March August January October February November December September MONTHS Figure.2. Distribution of FMD outbreaks in 2006 1.2. CURRENT FMD OUTBREAK SITUATION Turkey has been under the high risk with circulating a severe virulent new Osubtype, O Pan-Asia strain because of occurrence uncontrolled animal movements from outside and within the country. Epidemiological investigation and molecular epidemiologic studies were indicated that O Pan-Asia substrain has been introduced to Turkey up to October 2006, beside existed domestic strains OManisa/ O Alfa 05 topotype, which were caused a few outbreaks before the October 2006. It has been recently recorded outbreaks mostly with type O, a total of 366 outbreaks were detected, 203 of by type O, 23 of by type and 140 of untyped respectively in 2007 (up to Macrh) (Table.1and fig.3). OUTBREAKS Month Type O A UNTYPED TOTAL SUSCEPTIBLE CASES DEATH October 06 2 20 November 06 3 14 December 06 24 10 January 07 122 17 37 176 156989 4563 1383 February 07 63 6 44 113 80945 2036 453 March 07 18 0 59 77 66056 2169 752 Total 232 67 140 439 303990 8768 2502 Table 1. Distribution of recent FMD outbreaks 86 CURRENT FMD OUTBREAK SITUATION (OCTOBER 2006-MARCH 2007 140 120 122 100 80 60 63 59 44 40 37 OUTBREAKS NUMBER OF 24 20 20 14 17 18 10 6 0 2 3 0 March January October February November December MONTH O A UNTYPED Fig.3. Recent outbreaks situation Although it was recorded 48 outbreaks with type O in 2006 and those isolates were dropped in OAlfa 05 lineage genetically, the numbers of type Ooutbreaks were increased at beginning of October 2006. Because of the effects of animals movements during the Kurban Festival (end of the year), viruses were spread all over the country and numbers of outbreaks were reached on pick on January 2007. According to genetic analysis of isolates, a new type Opan-Asia sub strain was detected first time at Selvioglu village in Uşak on 8 th October 2006. The sequence data which was obtained in Ankara Sap Institute showed that this virus was closely matched with viruses isolated in Iran in 2006. It is uncertain that whether this was index case or not for the new sub strain Since Uşak province is located west of Turkey, in Aegean Region, it was probable that it might be occurred another case in East Region of Anatolia, close to Iran border. It is probable that the disease with type O Panasia sub strain was occurred in another place where is near to border after the entrance into the country. However it is clear that this was available first evidence indicated genetic changing of circulating viruses. Many further sequence data which was made in Ankara Sap Institute on between October 2006 and March 2007 also supported that O pan-Asia strain was circulated all over the country. Those studies were indicated that the isolates were not only closed to Iran isolates but also they were closed to isolates of Middle East Region, particularly of Jordan. The recent data made on March showed that isolates collected from Şırnak Province in South East Region of Turkey, near to Iraq/Syria border were closed to these lineages. (Table.2 and Dendograms as annex). PROT.NO PROVINCE YEAR MONTH TYPE GENOTYPE TOPOTYPE 6 Edirne 2007 January A A05 ASIA 5 Erzincan 2007 January O PANASIA ME-SA 13 Muğla 2007 January O PANASIA ME-SA 15 Tokat 2007 January A A05 ASIA 83 Konya 2007 January O PANASIA ME-SA 120 Konya 2007 January O PANASIA ME-SA 207 Kastamonu 2007 January A A05 ASIA 285 Şırnak 2007 February O PANASIA ME-SA 324 Bolu 2007 February A A05 ASIA 357 Kırklareli 2007 February O PANASIA ME-SA 370 Isparta 2007 February A A05 ASIA Table.2. Results of nucleotide sequence analysis 87 In addition to those situations, some other sequence results indicated that OAlfa 05 sub strain has been also still circulated in Anatolia which was similar to isolates caused outbreaks in 2005. Although it was detected genetically differences of Ovirus as Panasia and affected severe clinically on animals, recent available antigenic studies, R Value ELISA, show that there has been no changing antigenically, which O1 Manisa vaccine strain has been covered both sub strains. The data for type A 05 Iran outbreaks which detected as limited number in 2007 show that it has been closed to their genetic lineages and given high protection well antigenically ( table 2 and Dendogram.2.) As a conclusion, it has been already type OPan-Asia sub strain was introduced to Turkey from two different origins and caused many outbreaks all over the country which is genetically quite distant from old isolates and no differences antigenically, which is protected with OManisa vaccine strain. 1.3. 2007 Outbreaks in Thrace In 2007, three outbreaks has been detected in Trace Region, because of uncontrolled animal movements after the Kurban Festival. The detail for those are as follow: a. Oğulpaşa, Havsa Edirne Outbreak was occurred with type A05 Iran in two premises in 3 rd January. Disease was caused by returning unsold cattle from Istanbul Bayrampaşa impermanent market. As a total 11 animals were affected by disease in two holdings and they were slaughtered after laboratory confirmation. Disease was limited within the holdings, no spread to around, by taken efficient measures including ring vaccination within and around the villages b. Armağan, Kırklareli Disease was noticed by owner in 22th February in one dairy cattle, but it was reported to state veterinary centre with delaying four day. In a result of clinical diagnosis, 9 animals were detected as FMD. This result was also confirmed by Laboratory as type OAfter the confirmation, all animals were slaughtered. Although it was carried out outbreak investigation, the origin of transmission was unclear.