Environmental and Social Impact Assessment: Nanumaga and Nanumea Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project TUVALU COASTAL ADAPTATION PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT NANUMAGA AND NANUMEA Prepared by: FCG ANZDEC Ltd Prepared for: The Pacific Community 7 August 2020 Revision 1.1, August 2020 1 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment: Nanumaga and Nanumea Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project Quality Information Environmental and Social Impact Assessment: Nanumaga and Nanumea, Tuvalu Document Coastal Adaptation Project Date 7 August 2020 Prepared for Pacific Community Revision History Authorised Version Version Date Details Name/Position Kate Walker/Environmental Specialist 1 3 July 2020 Initial Draft for Review Patrina Dumaru/Social Specialist 1.1 7 Aug 2020 ESIA Updated with review comments Kate Walker/Environmental Specialist Patrina Dumaru/Social Specialist Revision 1.1, August 2020 2 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment: Nanumaga and Nanumea Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 10 Project Summary ................................................................................................................... 10 Environmental and Social Management ................................................................................ 13 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 17 Project Background ............................................................................................................... 17 Scope and Objectives ............................................................................................................ 17 Integration of the ESIA .......................................................................................................... 19 Disclosure .............................................................................................................................. 19 3 Project Description ........................................................................................................................ 20 Site Location and Study Area ................................................................................................. 20 Scope of Works...................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.1 Nanumaga ..................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.2 Nanumea ....................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3 Berm Top Barriers ......................................................................................................... 28 Construction Methodology ................................................................................................... 28 Sources of Aggregate............................................................................................................. 28 4 Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................................. 31 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 31 The ‘No Project’ Alternative .................................................................................................. 31 Alternative Design Approaches ............................................................................................. 31 Alternative BTB Core Options ................................................................................................ 32 Alternative Hard Revetment Options: Nanumea ................................................................... 34 Alternative Sources of Aggregate .......................................................................................... 36 5 Policy, Legislative and Regulatory Framework .............................................................................. 37 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 37 Applicable Tuvalu Policies, Legislations, Regulations and Standards ..................................... 37 5.2.1 Environmental Protection Act 2008 .............................................................................. 37 5.2.2 Environmental Protection (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2012 ...... 37 5.2.3 Waste Operations and Services Act 2009 ...................................................................... 38 5.2.4 Conservation Areas Act 2008 ........................................................................................ 38 5.2.5 Employment Act 2008 ................................................................................................... 39 Revision 1.1, August 2020 3 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment: Nanumaga and Nanumea Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project 5.2.6 Falekaupule (Local Government) Act 1977.................................................................... 39 5.2.7 Laws of Tuvalu Act Cap. 1.06 ......................................................................................... 40 5.2.8 Public Health and Safety Regulations (Revised 1990) .................................................... 41 5.2.9 Foreshore and Land Reclamation Act (1969) ................................................................ 41 International Treaties and Organisations .............................................................................. 41 5.3.1 International Labour Organisation ................................................................................ 41 5.3.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1998) ........................................................... 41 5.3.3 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.................. 42 5.3.4 Waigani Convention ...................................................................................................... 42 5.3.5 Other Applicable Agreements ....................................................................................... 42 UNDP Social and Environmental Standards ........................................................................... 43 5.4.1 GCF Environmental and Social Policy ............................................................................ 44 6 Natural Environment Baseline ....................................................................................................... 44 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 44 Location and Setting .............................................................................................................. 44 Physical Environment ............................................................................................................ 46 6.3.1 Meteorology .................................................................................................................. 46 6.3.2 Geology ......................................................................................................................... 48 6.3.3 Coastal Hydrology .......................................................................................................... 54 6.3.4 Topography ................................................................................................................... 56 6.3.5 Natural Hazard Vulnerability and Risks .......................................................................... 58 6.3.6 Climate Change ............................................................................................................. 61 Biological Environment .......................................................................................................... 63 6.4.1 Terrestrial Environment ................................................................................................ 63 6.4.2 Marine Environment ..................................................................................................... 66 6.4.3 Local Marine Managed Areas ........................................................................................ 73 6.4.4 Vulnerable and Endangered Species ............................................................................. 75 6.4.5 Invasive and Alien Species ............................................................................................. 76 7 Social & Built Environment Baseline .............................................................................................. 78 Land Use ................................................................................................................................ 78 7.1.1 Nanumaga ..................................................................................................................... 78 7.1.2 Nanumea ....................................................................................................................... 79 Demographics ....................................................................................................................... 80 7.2.1 Nanumaga 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