MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Obor Mezinárodní vztahy The influence of the interpersonal dynamic on the American foreign policy Diplomová práce Kristýna Dyková Vedoucí: PhDr. Petr Suchý, Ph.D. UČO: 219683 Obor: Mezinárodní vztahy Imatrikulační ročník: 2009 Brno, 2011 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych velice ráda poděkovala panu PhDr. Petru Suchému, Ph.D. za odborné vedení diplomové práce, za konstruktivní kritiku, rady a čas, který mi po celou dobu věnoval. 1 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci „The influence of the interpersonal dynamic on the American foreign policy“ vypracovala sama na základě uvedených použitých zdrojů. V Brně, dne 22.5.2011 Kristýna Dyková 2 Obsah INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 4 AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AND IT´S PROCESSES .................................................... 6 THE KEY ACTORS OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY ................................................ 7 The President ...................................................................................................................... 7 The National Security Council and the National Security Adviser ................................... 7 The Secretary of State and the Department of State .......................................................... 9 Theoretical models of the American foreign policy process ................................................ 10 EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION .................................................................................... 12 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 15 THE KENNEDY-JOHNSON ADMINISTRATION ............................................................... 17 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 24 THE NIXON-FORD ADMINISTRATION ............................................................................. 26 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 32 THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION ...................................................................................... 34 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 41 THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION ..................................................................................... 43 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 53 THE GEORGE H. W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION ............................................................... 56 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 61 THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION .................................................................................... 63 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 70 GEORGE W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION ............................................................................. 72 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 76 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 78 LITERATURE ......................................................................................................................... 81 MAIN LITERATURE .......................................................................................................... 81 SUPPORTIVE LITERATURE ............................................................................................ 82 3 INTRODUCTION When America makes some decision in foreign policy, usually the whole world knows it in a very short period of time, because the politics of one of the most powerful country in the world is important for all actors in the international relations. Before the final result of the decision making process is ready to be made public, there is a long way with a lot of influences which take effect on it. There are a lot of actors within the American foreign policy process and there is also a need to coordinate their views, interests and approaches. Concerning foreign policy, the main actors are the President, Secretary of State and National Security Adviser. The personal relationships between them are crucial for the smooth foreign policy. The decisions are made by people and those people have different opinions, based on different experiences. By closer look, all those influences are visible on the final decisions and acts, American administrations are doing in the foreign policy. This thesis is focused on the fact, how the personal relationships between the actors influence the results of foreign policy of USA. Even though the individual level of foreign policy is not topic which is paid much attention to, it is still very important. There are disputes in every administration. It is natural for the people to have different views. The crucial question is, if they will be able to work together and make compromises and how. The situation is always better in the administration, where the members are able to come to the compromise and once it is reached they all speak one voice. On the other hand, it is more complicated when the President needs to choose from the irreconcilable opinion groups, there are “losers” and “winners” and the administration is not able to act jointly. Another problem connected with the inner problems of the administration comes when the dispute leaks into public and it sends over the signals to the foreign governments and partners about the division in the politics. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part – theoretical - is focused on the actors of American foreign policy and their position within the American political system, their brief history and development which led to the contemporary role in foreign policy. Those are concretely the President, the Secretary of State and the Department of State and the National Security Adviser and National Security Council. In the first part, there are also described the theoretical models which will be used for evaluation of the particular 4 administrations. For that matter, a combination of two types of models is used. The first is the Rosati-Scott model, which has two types - State Department-oriented model and White House-centered model. They focus on the place, where the foreign policy is governed from – either White House or Department of State and the power and influence of the particular advisers. The second type of model is the personal model created by Zbigniew Brzezinski which has three types according to the power of the advisers - Dominant Presidential Leadership (strong National Security Adviser), Dominant Secretary of State and Team arrangement. The second, practical part will be divided into eight chapters and each will be focused on one administration within the given time frame. For the easier orientation, the periods of Presidents, who were in Office for more than one term, will be described as a whole. The same principle will be applied to those administrations where it came to the change of President during the time in Office; they will be discussed in one chapter - concretely administration of Kennedy-Johnson and Nixon-Ford. There will be a small conclusion made at the end of every chapter which will compare the situation within the administration with the pre-set theoretical models. The third part – the conclusion – will sum up all the knowledge and will try to answer the question: How do the interpersonal relations influence the smooth running of the American foreign policy? Even though there were persons with competences to a certain degree comparable to the contemporary National Security Adviser, President Eisenhower was the first one, who appointed the first Adviser officially - Robert Cutler - in 1953. That is why the thesis will begin with the Eisenhower administration and will continue to the administration of George W. Bush. Because of the lack of distance and materials, the current administration of President Obama will not be included into the analysis. 5 AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AND IT´S PROCESSES American foreign policy is a tool of the USA which is the most visible from the outside world. Because of the global approach of America, its foreign policy is significant not only for the American people, but for the whole world. When it is spoken about foreign policy, the people usually mean the definitive result, not the process which leads to those results. The process itself is a complicated mix of opinions, bureaucracy, different approaches, personal ties and relationships, interests, planning and ad hoc reactions. Within this process, there are a lot of actors behind the final outputs of policy and their interests and approaches go very often against each other. The number of actors, which are included in contemporary foreign policy process, could also be a limiting factor. Except of the President, there is very often the Vice-president, the National Security Adviser and the National Security Council, the Secretary of State and the Department of State, the Secretary of Defense and the