Figures 5-9 and their legends are taken as such from Olsen, 2001. References: Brown, RC, Lemmon, BE, Olsen, OA (1994). Endosperm development in barley: microtubule involvement in the morphogenetic pathway. Plant Cell 6:1241-1252. Brown, RC, Lemmon, BE, Olsen, OA (1999a) Polarization predicts the pattern of cellularization in cereal endosperm. Protoplasma 192: 168-177. Brown, RC, Lemmon, BE, Olsen, OA (1999b). Development of endosperm in rice (Oryza sativa L.): cellularization. J Plant Res 109: 301-313. Costa LM, Gutierrez-Marcos JF, Bruntell TP, Greenland AJ and Dickinson HG (2003). The globby-1 (glo-1) mutation disrupts nuclear and cell division in the developing maize seed causing alterations in endosperm cell fate and tissue differentation. Development 130:5009-5017. Floyd SK and Friedman WE. (2000). Evolution of endosperm development patterns among basal flowering plants. Int J Plant Sci 161:S57-S81. 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Pp 319- 376. Kinoshita, T., Yadegari, R., Harada, JJ., Goldberg, RB., and Fischer, RL. (1999). Imprinting of MEDEA Polycomb gene in the Arabidopsis Endosperm. The plant cell, vol.11. 1945-1952. Koul A K, Veenu K and Verma S. (2005). Autonomous endosperm development in angiosperms. In Plant Reproductive and Molecular Biology (Festschrift in honour of Professor S.V.S Chauhan) Ed. Dr. S.N. Chaturvedi and Dr. K.P. Singh 30-37.[ISBN: 81-7910-119-3]. Magnard J-L, Lehouque G, Massonneau A, Frange N, Heckel T, Gutierrez-Marcos JF, Perez P, Dumas C and Rogowsky PM (2003). ZmEBE genes show a novel, continuous expression pattern in the central cell before fertilization and in specific domains of the resulting endosperm after fertilization. Plant Mol Biol 53:821-836. Maheshwari, P (1999 Reprint). An introduction to the embryology of Angiosperms. Tata MaGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. Pp. 221-267. Olsen, O. A. (2004). Nuclear endoperm development in cereals and Arabdiopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 16:S214- S227. Olsen, O.A. (2001). Endosperm development: cellularization and cell fate specification. Annu. Rev. Plant : Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 52: 233-67. Periasamy, K. (1962a). The ruminate endosperm. Development and types of rumination. 62-74. Plant embryology, a symposium. C.S.I.R. New Delhi. Periasamy, K. (1962b). Studies on seeds with ruminate endosperm. II. Development of rumination in the vitaceae. Proc. Indian Acad. Scien. 56B:13-26. Raghvan, V. (1997). Molecular biology of flowering plants. Cambridge University Press, New York. 322-356. Raghvan, V. (2006). Double fertilization. Embryo and endosperm development in flowering plants. Springer- verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Stebbins, G.L. (1974). Flowering plants: Evolution above the species level. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Thomson, R.D. (2000). Plant Biology: Turning fields into grains. Nature 408: 39-41. www.hos.ufl.edu/faculty/amsettles/research-interests Plant development Botany Endosperm development Learn More / Supporting Materials / Source of Further Reading • Glossary • Things to remember • Web links / references Glossary Starting Term Defination Related Term Character <Character> Alveolation The process forming alveolus with the involvement of radial arrays of microtubules and various cell wall deposing materials in the endosperm coenocytes. <Character> Perisperm The diploid nutritive tissue derived from nucellus of ovule other than embryo. Functionally similar to endosperm chiefly composed of starch unlike protein in endosperm. <Character> Haustoria Aggressive structure formed either by micropylar or chalazal chamber to invade the maternal tissue to divert more nutrition to developing embryo. <Character> Imprinting Alteration of gene interaction through epigenetic modifications like cytosine methylation and histone acetylation depending on parental origin is referred to as imprinting. Poly-comb A complex of genes regulating their function genes through epigenetic mechanisms. E.g., FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED 2 (FIS1, FIS2, FIS3,), FERTILIZATION- INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM (FIE) and MEA. Plant development Botany Endosperm development Things to remember Description Endosperm specific Genes Specific genes endospermic tissue Esr1, Esr2, Esr3 (Embryo surrounding region) and Embryo ZmAE1, ZmAE3 ((Zea mays androgenic embryo1), surrounding layer ZmEBE (Zea mays embryo sac/basal endosperm transfer layer/embryo surrounding region). Transfer layer Betl1 , Betl2, Betl3, Betl4 (endosperm transfer cell layer1), Bap1, Bap2, Bap3 (basal layer -type antifungal protein1) MEG1, End 1, ZmMRP-1 (Zea mays MYB- related protein-1) and ZmEBE (Zea mays embryo sac/basal endosperm transfer layer/embryo surrounding region) Starchy endosperm dek (defective kernel), dsc1 ((discolored1) and emp2 layer (empty pericarp2) Ltp2, CHI26 (chitinase 26), B22E, pZE40, ole-1, ole-2, Aleurone layer per-1,chi33, C1, Sal1 (Supernumerary aleurone 1), Cp2 (collapsed2) and o12 (opaque12) Plant development Botany Endosperm development WebLinks Web links http://www.public.iastate.edu/~becraft/Endosperm.htm http://www.meritnation.com/ask-answer/question/what-is-endosperm-explain- it/biology/2437070 www.hos.ufl.edu/faculty/amsettles/research-interests http://vannocke.hrt.msu.edu/plb865/5dec/meafis1.html Plant development Botany Endosperm development .