THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE PHILIPPINES IN ONE HUNDRED YEARS: FROM THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD TO THE END OF THE MARCOS DICTATORSHIP 1886-1986 ii iii THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE PHILIPPINES IN ONE HUNDRED YEARS: FROM THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD TO THE END OF THE MARCOS DICTATORSHIP 1886-1986 LA IGLESIA CATÓLICA DE FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AÑOS: DE LA ÉPOCA COLONIAL ESPAÑOLA DE LA DICTADURA DE MARCOS A thesis presented to the Department of Social Science of the College of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Political Science Aaron James Ricardo de VELOSO 2008-47231 University of the Philippines, Manila March, 2012 LA IGLESIA CATÓLICA DE FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AÑOS- DE LA ÉPOCA COLONIAL ESPAÑOLA DE LA DICTADURA DE MARCOS, 1521-1986 (The Catholic Church in the Philippines in One Hundred Years: from the Spanish Colonial Period to the end of the Marcos Dictatorship, 1886-1986) © 2012 by Aaron James R. Veloso. All rights reserved. No part of this undergraduate thesis may be reproduced in any form or by electronic or mechanical means including information storage or retrieval systems without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Nihil Obstat: Imprimatur: R. P. Reginaldus R. Malicdem, Sec. E.mi ac R.mi D. Aloisio Antonio G. Tagle, D.D. Secretarius Archiepiscopus Manilensis Archiepiscopum Metropolitam Manilensem Die XXII mensis FEBRUARII A. D. MMXII Die XIX mensis MARTII A.D. MMXII In Festo Cathedrae Sancti Petri In Solemnitatis Sancti Iosephi, Spons. B.V.M Printed in the Philippines by: Don Bosco Press, Inc. A. Arnaiz Ave. cor. C. Roces Ave. P.O. Box 1601, Makati City Post Office Makati City PROTESTA DEL AUTOR In compliance with the decrees of the Holy Father Clement VIII and all other canonical decrees, it is declared that anything contained in this work which the stated decrees speak about does not deserve more credit than that of a private person who writes in good faith. Also, any references to miraculous events not officially confirmed as well as mentions of martyrdoms not proclaimed canonically are not meant to prejudge the infallible judgement of the Roman Pontiff but rather are views expressed by a private and pious writer. Furthermore, in faithful and loving fulfilment of and in obedience to the decrees of the Holy Father Urban VIII, it is declared that it is not intended to prejudge or anticipate the decrees of the Holy Mother Church with regards to issues of public worship and the proclamation of holiness. The final authority on issues such as these belongs to the Holy See, to whose judgment we willingly submit, being the only one who has power and authority to decide as to who belongs by right the title and character of a saint or blessed. Cum Approbatione Ecclesiastica The nihil obstat and imprimatur are official declarations that a book or pamphlet is free of doctrinal and moral error. No implication is contained therein that those who have granted the nihil obstat and imprimatur agree with the opinions expressed. iii The Catholic Church in the Philippines in One Hundred Years: from the Spanish Colonial Period to the end of the Marcos Dictatorship, 1886-1986 Aaron James Ricardo-Veloso Bachelor of Arts in Political Science Department of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines, Manila ABSTRACT The arrival of Christianity in the Philippines in the year 1521 marked the beginning of the centrality of the role that the Catholic faith plays in Philippine Society. In this study, the author looked at the evolution of the Church from 1886 to 1986 vis-à- vis the evolving modes of governments and regimes that have ruled the Philippines. Using Skopcol‟s Historical Institutionalism theory, the author analyzed the whats and whys of the actions of the Church, and tried to draw categorizations on the underlying reasons that provoked the Church to act as it did. The author arrived at three major categorizations- first that the Church acts in response to the “Signs of the Times”; second, that the Church follows the principal rule of critical collaboration; and third, that the Church acts based on its moral, institutional and political interests. Keywords: Catholic Church, Philippines, Historical Institutionalism iv v TABLE OF CONTENTS Copyright Page ii Abstract iii Table of Contents v Foreword vii Acknowledgement ix Dedication xvii I. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Problem and Objectives 4 1.2 Methodology 5 1.3 Theoretical Framework 9 1.4 Chapter Outline 11 II. Background 14 2.1 Ecclesiology 14 2.2 The Church in the Philippines 17 2.3 The Church and Politics 26 2.4 Related Studies and Literature 28 III. The Catholic Church and the Philippine Revolution of 1896 41 3.1 Precursors 42 3.2 Limpieza de Sangre 50 3.3 Efforts of the Native Secular Clergy 53 3.4 Cavite Mutiny of 1872 57 3.5 The Ilustrados and Anti-Friar Propaganda 59 3.6 Rizal and Mass Movement 62 3.7 Fin de Siècle 65 3.8 Conclusion 65 IV. American Colonization and the Separation of Church and State 68 4.1 Separation of Church and State 69 4.2 Americanization of the Hierarchy and the entry of new religious orders 70 4.2.1 Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (CSsR) 4.2.2 Missionary Benedictine Sisters (OSB) 4.2.3 Missionaries of the Sacred Heart (MSC) 4.2.4 Maryknoll Sisters (MM) 4.3 Conclusion 77 V. The Catholic Church during the Japanese Occupation 79 5.1 Japanese Invasion of the Philippines 79 5.2 Appeasement Efforts and the Religious Section 82 5.3 “Enemy” nationals and the Religious Clergy 86 5.3.1 Bishop William Finnemann, SVD, Prefect Apostolic of Calapan 5.3.2 Fr. Agustin Consunji, S.J. 5.3.3 The Society of Jesus 5.3.4 The La Salette Missionaries 5.3.5 The Redemptorists vi 5.3.6 The Missionary Benedictine Sisters 5.3.7 The Maryknoll Sisters 5.3.8 “The Diocese of Los Baños” 5.4 Liberation of Manila 99 5.4.1 The Vincentian Fathers 5.4.2 The Brothers of Christian Schools 5.4.3 The Massacre of Intramuros 5.5 Aftermath 104 VI. The Catholic Church during the Republic Period 107 6.1 Filipinization of the Church 107 6.2 The Second Vatican Council: Church Renewal 110 VII. The Catholic Church during the Marcos Dictatorship (1972-1986) 113 7.1 The Declaration of Martial Law in the Philippines and its precursors 113 7.2 The Catholic Bishops 114 7.3 The Religious Orders 120 7.4.1 Society of Jesus 7.4.2 Redemptorists 7.4.3 Religious Women 7.4 The Role of the Laity 131 7.5 The Vatican 134 7.6 The Catholic Church and Marxism 139 7.7 The Catholic Media 142 7.8 The Church, the Snap Elections, and EDSA 148 VIII. Conclusion 152 Appendices ` vii Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse porttitor nunc in orci gravida lacinia. Donec in ultricies risus. Nulla purus libero, aliquam in laoreet quis, egestas vitae quam. Nunc ac venenatis felis. Morbi rutrum orci id sem mollis a suscipit erat volutpat. Sed sit amet nibh id urna molestie venenatis eu eu nibh. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Etiam congue odio vel enim aliquet fermentum. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Sed euismod pellentesque arcu, vitae vestibulum sem dignissim quis. Praesent odio libero, consequat a tempus a, tempus eu ipsum. In ut velit quam, eu lobortis nulla. Praesent at diam dolor. Maecenas non imperdiet leo. Donec nisi ante, suscipit sed fringilla sed, mattis eget massa. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. In erat nibh, dapibus sit amet eleifend nec, facilisis quis metus. Aenean hendrerit luctus odio, in ullamcorper ligula tempus ut. Suspendisse vehicula pellentesque aliquet. Quisque id orci felis, eu tristique erat. Nunc vitae felis id arcu vulputate pellentesque quis ut nunc. Aliquam tincidunt, diam sit amet semper luctus, augue turpis vulputate enim, quis sagittis quam nulla vitae turpis. Quisque ultricies lectus ac turpis laoreet ullamcorper. Suspendisse potenti. Fusce vitae vehicula mauris. Quisque convallis justo ac lorem lacinia vitae cursus neque porttitor. Vestibulum sed nulla at ligula consectetur vestibulum sagittis non massa. Phasellus ut est nulla, in pellentesque ante. Mauris nec dui turpis. Proin molestie, lacus nec tempus feugiat, diam neque lacinia arcu, rhoncus mollis tortor sem sed erat. Donec vestibulum libero quis erat consectetur sit amet euismod leo sollicitudin. Arzobispado de Manila, 19 March 2011 + LUIS ANTONIO G. TAGLE, D.D. Archbishop of Manila viii ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DOMINUS EST. It is the Lord (John 21:7). While going through the history of an institution as glorified and as venerable as the Catholic Church in the Philippines, I am amazed how it has sustained all the persecutions and hardships that it has encountered in its nearly five hundred years in the Philippines. And no less than the much loved Archbishop of Manila, Archbishop Chito Tagle, have pointed me to the answer with his Episcopal motto. Dominus est. It is the Lord. The Church in the Philippines ought to be compared to the apostles in John 21 who have persevered all night. No matter if the revolutionaries will kill them, they persevered in their mission. Never mind if the government will imprison them, they must continue in their ministries. They must have been confident for they serve the Master of all masters and the King of kings, and it is the Lord. I would like to believe that this study is not solely the fruit of my poor mind.