Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60222-9 - Plant Variation and Evolution: Fourth Edition David Briggs and S. Max Walters Index More information INDEX The index includes the Latin names of plants and animals investigated in the case studies analysed in the text. In the space available, it has not been possible to include the names of all the plants mentioned in the book. In general, common names of organisms are not listed. Figure page numbers in bold. 50/500 rule, 239 American Chestnut Restoration Project, 214 apospory, 111 Ammophila brevilingulata, 461 aquatic plants, 354 ABC model, 363 Amphicarpum purshii, 206 Aquilegia vulgaris,61 Abies, 404 amplified fragment length polymorphism Arabidopsis, 66, 372 Abies alba, 402 (AFLP), 95 Arabidopsis diploids, and synthesised abrupt speciation, 246 analysis of variance, 155 et seq. auto- and allopolyploids, 309 Achillea borealis, 143 ancient WGD events, 322 Arabidopsis halleri, 127, 182, 183, 191 Achillea millefolium, 29, 303 Anderson, 71, 270, 293, 297 Arabidopsis lyrata, 127, 191, 325 Acid Rain, 423 Androcymbium, 397 Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea, 232 actinomorphy, 338 androdioecy, 121 Arabidopsis thaliana, 78, 80, 90, 153, 183, Adanson, 9 Andropogon scoparius, 143 200, 257, 258, 305, 306, 311, 325, Adansonia, 383, 393 aneuploidy, 309, 324 364, 404 adaptive and non-adaptive Angiosperm evolution: what role for Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 90 characters, 196 saltational change?, 371 combined studies of crucial life cycle adaptive radiation, 128, 128 Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, 350 traits, 192 adaptive significance of introgressed angiosperms detecting the signature of selection, 190 traits, 283 origin and age of, 360 ecotypes, 87 advantages and disadvantages of differ- origin of, 385 experiments on phenotypic ent breeding systems, 116 polyphyletic origins?, 362 plasticity, 193 Aegilops squarrosa, 293 ANITA grade, 353 genetic transformation, 87 Aeonium, 397 Antennaria, 111 genome sequenced, 81 Aesculus x carnea, 297 Antennaria alpina, 132 genome size, 90 agamotypes, 144 Anthoxanthum odoratum, 153, 175, 266 genomic changes, 92 age of the Earth, 2, 17–18 Antirrhinum, 103 investigations of microevolution, 190 Agrobacterium tumefaciens,87 Antirrhinum majus, 364 model species, 86 Agrostis capillaris, 180 Aphanes, 132 molecular cloning, 87 Agrostis capillaris (A. tenuis), 145, 266 apogamy, 109 self-incompatibility, 127 Agrostis gigantea, 213 apomixes studies of adaptively significant Agrostis stolonifera, 180, 212, 213 molecular nature and origin, 113 traits, 195 Alchemilla, 124, 144, 315 apomixis synthetic allopolyploids, 326 Allee Effect, 235 adventitious embryony, 112 Arabis alpina, 398, 403 allelopathic effects, 61 agamospermy, 106, 107 Araucaria nemorosa, 215 Alliaria petiolata, 221, 227 Citrus, 124 Argyranthemum, 328 allopatric speciation, 250 cleavage polyembryony, 108 Armeria maritima, 182, 184, 266 allopolyploidy, 247, 289 embryology, 109 ‘arms race’, 199, 357 allozyme variation, 162 endosperm, 112 Arum maculatum, 197, 197 Aloe dichotoma, 429 environmental control, 125 asex, 124 Alopecurus myosuroides, 187 escape from sterility, 316 Asplenium, 397 alpha and omega taxonomy, 245, 338 facultative, 124 polyploids, 296, 296 Alyssum bertolonii, 182 genetics of, 113 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, 208 ambophilous condition, 363 pseudogamy, 108 assessment of extinction risk by Amborella Genome Project, 353, 375 some dogmas, 114 experts using IUCN and other Amborella trichopoda, 92, 369, 386 vegetative apomixis, 106 categories, 435 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60222-9 - Plant Variation and Evolution: Fourth Edition David Briggs and S. Max Walters Index More information 570 Index assisted migration, 475 blending inheritance, 14, 71 Chalara fraxinea, 421 assortative mating, 160 Bøcher, 139 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, 467 Aster furcatus, 238 Boechera holboelli, 108 Chamaelirium luteum, 208, 209 Asteraceae phylogenetic relationships, 352 Bonnier, 39, 40 Chamerion angustifolium (Epilobium asteroid impact hypothesis, 387 Borago, 400 angustifolium),39 Astragalus ampullaroides, 460 Botanic Gardens Conservation Chamerion latifolium (E. latifolium), 39 Astrophytum asterias, 214 International (BGCI), 449 chance events, 161, 201 Australia Bottleneck Effects, 161, 182, 201, 202, changes in chromosome number, 322 deforestation and forest degradation, 419 233, 238, 259, 406 changes in insect herbivores, 433 Australian fauna and flora, 392 Bowlby, 11 chaperonins, 96 autogamy, 129 Bowler, 45 chemotaxonomy: historic investigations autopolyploids, 312 Brachyscome dichromosomatica,84 of hybridisation, 275 autopolyploidy, 247, 289, 307 Brackman, 12 Chenopodium album, 186 Avena barbata, 221 Bradshaw, 145 Chinodoxa luciliae, 450 Avena sativa, 177 Branniban, 45 chlorofluorocarbons, 424 Brassica napus, 212, 309 chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), passim B chromosomes, 58, 59, 83 Brassica oleracea, 247, 309 phytogeographical studies, 401 back colonisation, 397 Brassica rapa, 309, 431 chloroplast genome, 86 bacterial groups, 368 Bromus tectorum, 220, 422, 434 chloroplasts, 85 Baker’s Law, 131, 217 Bryonia alba, 208 Chondrilla, 224 Banksia cuneata, 461 Buddleja davidii, 421 Chromosome Atlases, 303 Banksia spinulosa, 233 Buffon, 10 chromosome monosomy/trisomy, 309 Baptisia, 276 bulbils, 107, 315 chromosomes, 51 barcoding Burkhardt & Smith, 11 aneuploids, 58 advantages, 442 Butomus umbellatus, 230 centromeres, 83 effect of next generation sequencing, euchromatin, 59 445 C-value paradox, 82 heterochromatin, 59 herbarium material, 445 C4 photosynthesis, 354 idiograms, 56 in plant groups: future prospects, 444 callose, 100 karyotype, 56 in practice, 443 Calothamnus quadrifidus, 211 linkage, 55 questions about, 443 Caltha palustris, 137, 303 meiosis, 52 requirements for a fully functioning Campanula rotundifolia, 137 mitosis, 51 system, 444 Capsella bursa pastoris, 224, 374 number, 56 role in recognition of‘new’ species?, 444 Capsella rubella, 325 spindle, 83 route to the reinvigoration of taxon- carbon dioxide, 424 structural changes, 59, 60 omy?, 445 Carcinus maenas,69 telomeres, 83 websites, 442 Cardamine chenopodifolia, 121 Cineraria cruenta (Pericallis cruenta), 67 Barrett, 103, 118, 126, 129 Cardamine pratensis, 100, 324 Cirsium arvense, 221, 434 Bateson, 54, 67, 70 Carduus canescens, 468 Citrus, 112, 132 Bauplan, 375 Carex clade, 342 Beagle,11 range of chromosome numbers, 327 cladistics, 342 Bell, 118 carnivory, 353 Clarkia, 350 Bellis perennis,29 ‘carry-over’ effects, 153 relationships between species, 324, Bennett, Kenton & Bennett, 297 Cassiope tetragona, 398 325, 351 Bentham & Hooker, 376 Castanea crenata, 214 Clarkia biloba, 324 Bessey, 332, 339 Castanea dentata, 421 Clarkia concinna, 374 Beta vulgaris, 418 Castilleja levisecta, 461 Clarkia lingulata, 324 Betalains, 354 Catalogue of Life, 377 classification Betula, 317 Caucasus region, 404 artificial, 336 Betula nana, 398 centre(s) of origin of the flowering Darwin’s views, 20 biological control plants, 386 general purpose, 336, 378 examples, 241 centromeres, 56, 83, 322 natural, 336 biosystematics, 439 structure, 326 phenetic, 340 Biscutella, 403 Ceratocystis platani, 421 and the tree of life, 376 Biscutella laevigata, 35, 313 Chaenactis, 323, 324 Clausen, 71, 308 Black Death, 414 Chain of Being, 5–6 Clausen & Goodspeed, 247 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60222-9 - Plant Variation and Evolution: Fourth Edition David Briggs and S. Max Walters Index More information Index 571 Clausen, Keck & Hiesey, 41, 139–42, 141 costs, 475 sampling populations, 452 Claytonia virginica, 324 creative approaches, 459 seed banks, 452–3 Clements, 39 crop plants, 453 setting priorities, 470 Cleistogamy, 122 cryopreservation, 453 species restoration projects: what climate change, 2, 466 economic and political considerations, counts as success?, 463 adaptation of plant species, 474 471 using wildflower mixtures, 459 adaptive responses to, 431 employing plants/seed of native pro- wide range of management techniques, altitudinal range changes, 428 venance, 459 458 biological effects of, 427 ex situ, 449–54 conservation economics, 472 direct observation of, 425 founding new populations: seed conservation plans based on biological ecosystem changes, 432 v. plants, 463 targets, 471 effects on Protea species in South by founding populations in new areas, continental drift, 384 Africa, 466 462 correlated variation, 33 extinction risk from, 437 future of restoration projects facing Correns, 47, 59 footprint of, 428 major drivers of change, 473 Coryanthes,16 forecasting future changes in distribu- future-orientated restoration, 470 co-selection in swards, 177 tion, 430 gap analysis, 457 Crassulacean acid metabolism future projections, 473 habitat loss, 435 (CAM), 354 human influences, 426 inbreeding and outbreeding depression, Crataegus, 108, 315 latitudinal range changes, 429 462 Crepis tectorum,58 phenological changes, 428 looking back and considering the Critica botanica,6 predictions, 425 future, 465 critical groups, 242 presents new selection pressures, 427 major centres for genetic preservation, Crocus scepusiensis, 218 reducing carbon emissions, 475 453 Cronquist, 20 responses of invasive plant species, 433 major concerns about ex situ crop mimicry, 185 sceptics and deniers, 426 approaches, 453 crossing experiments, 252 climate-induced drought brings changes managing reserves, 457 Cryphonectria parasitica, 421 to ecosystems, 433 manipulating and creating