AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE SERIES 30 The 10 best climate mitigation measures in the Nordic Baltic Region Air Pollution & Climate Secretariat AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE SERIES 30 The 10 best climate mitigation measures in the Nordic Baltic Region By Janis Brizga (Latvia), Sören Dyck-Madsen (Denmark), Arni Finnsson (Island), Valdur Lahtvee (Estonia), Fredrik Lundberg (Sweden), Thomas Martinsen (Norway), Gunnar B.Olesen (Denmark), Meri Pukarinen (Finland), Linas Vainius (Lithuania). About the authors: The national reports were written by eight energy and climate policy experts from environmental NGOs in the Nordic Region. The synthesis report was written by energy experts Fredrik Lundberg from Sweden and Gunnar B.Olesen (INFORSE) from Denmark. Cover illustration: Lars-Erik Håkansson (Lehån). Graphics and layout: Sven Ängermark Language consultant: Malcolm Berry, Seven G Translations, UK ISBN: 978-91-979623-2-2 Published in October 2013 by the Air Pollution & Climate Secretariat (Reinhold Pape) in cooperation with the Minor Foundation for Major Challenges (Tore Killingland, Tore Braend) in Norway. Address: AirClim, Box 7005, 402 31 Göteborg, Sweden. Phone: +46(0)31 711 45 15. AirClim would like to sincerely thank the The Minor Foundation for Major Challenges for all support which made this report possible. www.minor-foundation.no Website: www.airclim.org. The Secretariat is a joint project by Friends of the Earth Sweden, Nature and Youth Sweden, the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation and the World Wide Fund for Nature Sweden. The report is also available in pdf format at www.airclim.org. The views expressed here are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the publisher. Contents Synthesis ............................................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1. CO2 and energy taxes. ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9 2. Feed-in tariffs ................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 3. EU Structural Funds for energy efficiency ....................................................................................................................................... 12 4. Building efficiency, building codes and requirements for renovation ............................................................................................. 13 5. Other subsidies for renewable energy ............................................................................................................................................ 14 6. Energy efficiency agreements ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 7.Vehicle taxation .............................................................................................................................................................................. 16 8. Promoting and planning for cogeneration and district heating ..................................................................................................... 18 9. Planning for wind power ............................................................................................................................................................... 19 10. Local initiatives, ........................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Other policies ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Climate law .................................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Smart grid strategies ................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Congestion charges ...................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Technology procurement ............................................................................................................................................................. 23 EU-ETS ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Net metering ............................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Mandatory use of straw ............................................................................................................................................................... 24 EU policies.................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Method: Selection of the Ten Best Measures ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Danish Initiatives for Reduction of CO2 and Energy use or more Renewables: ............................................................ 26 37 Instruments: ........................................................................................................................................................................... 26 1. Energy taxation for households ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 2. CO2 taxation for business – including energy savings agreements ................................................................................................. 27 3. Fuel Taxes ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 4. Energy distribution companies energy savings obligations ............................................................................................................ 29 5. Building codes ............................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Renovation .................................................................................................................................................................................. 30 Low energy 2015 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Low energy 2020 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 31 6. Cogeneration and district heating .................................................................................................................................................. 32 7. Implemented taxes and duties relevant to consumption and emissions of HFCs, PFCs, and SF6..................................................... 33 8. Registration tax for cars ................................................................................................................................................................. 34 9. Annual green ownership tax for cars .............................................................................................................................................. 35 10. Biofuels and exemption of registration tax for electric and hydrogen cars ................................................................................... 36 “Electricity and biomass in the transport sector ........................................................................................................................... 37 11. Planning publicly accessible buildings near public transport ....................................................................................................... 37 12.Feed-in tariffs for wind turbines on-shore, near-shore and off-shore ........................................................................................... 37 Production of Renewable Energy ................................................................................................................................................. 38 “A green and sustainable energy supply based on renewable energy .......................................................................................... 39 3 13. Increasing use of biomass – mandatory use of straw for power production................................................................................. 39 “Converting