A Historical and Comparative Study of Human Rights Violations In Criminal Investigations In Lesotho. Thamae Caswell Liphapang Lenka A Historical and Comparative Study of Human Rights Violations In Criminal Investigations In Lesotho By Thamae Caswell Liphapang Lenka Thesis Submitted In Accordance With The Requirements For The Degree of Doctor Legum In The Faculty of Law Department of Procedural Law And Law of Evidence At The University of The Free State November 2010 PROMOTER: PROF. DR. CP VAN DER MERWE FICK i Dedication To my father Letlala (Coming from World War II 1945) and mothers Mankoetla, ‘Matlelaka Lenka, and my own wives, ‘Masekake and ‘Maseapa Lenka, and of course to my own children, ‘Mampiti, Sekake, Mosothoane, Phalo, Majoele and Maletlala/Makoae Lenka who have been supportive throughout the difficult and turbulent times of my life of study from 2005 to 2010. ii Declaration I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this study for the degree of Doctor of Laws at the University of the Free State is my own independent work and has not previously been submitted by me at another university. Thamae Caswell Liphapang Lenka iii Acknowledgements I have been a student of Criminal Law for some time now. The subject has naturally given me a special interest in the question of Human Rights violations by the Police through the use of deadly force in effecting arrest in Lesotho. A further quest for study on this topic was increased by my current occupation as a Superintendent of Police and a Senior Police Officer in the Lesotho Mounted Police Service. I humbly wish to extend my heart-felt vote of thanks to my Supervisor, Professor DR. C.P. VAN DER MERWE FICK, the former head of Procedural Law and Law of Evidence in the Faculty of Law, at the University of the Free State. He has rendered me his untiring support and guided supervision in the accomplishment of this daunting task of the thorough examination of the Police use of force in the contemporary world. I devote the entire support to Lesotho Student’s Association for electing me their Secretary General in 2005 which position culminated into my election as a Legal and Constitutional Affairs Secretary for Student Representative Council in 2005/2006 at the University of the Free State and the first Student Court Judge in 2007 and a Sub- Warden for President Steyn Residence from 2007-2009 respectively. A further vote of thanks and appreciation is forwarded to Ms Sandra Viljoen for having meticulously typed the thesis. iv Acronyms ADRD American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man AFCM African Commission on Human Rights AFR African Charter on Human and People’s Rights All ER All English Law Reports AMR American Convention on Human Rights ANC African National Congress AU African Union BAC Basutoland African Congress BCP Basutoland Congress Party BNP Basotho National Party CAT Convention Against Torture CP&E Lesotho Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act DP Democratic Party ECHR European Convention on Human Rights EHRR European Human Rights Report HER Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms HR Human Rights IACM Inter-American Commission on Human Rights IACT Inter-American Court of Human Rights ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICES International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights v ICJ International Court of Human Rights ILO International Labour Organization IPROP International Optional Protocol to ICCPR LCP Lesotho Communist Party LDF Lesotho Defence Force LLJ Lesotho Law Journal LLR Lesotho Law Reports LMPS Lesotho Mounted Police Service MFP Marema Tlou Freedom Party OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity PA Police Act PAC Pan-African Congress PACE Police and Criminal Procedure and Evidence PMU Police Mobile Unit RSA Republic of South Africa SADC Southern African Development Community SAJHR South African Journal of Human Rights SALJ South African Law Journal SAPS South African Police Service SARPCCO Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Co-operating Organization UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UK United Kingdom UN United Nations vi UNCH United Nations Charter UNGA United Nations General Assembly USA United States of America vii Lesotho Table of Cases Khaketla v The Prime Minister CIV/APN/187/85. Lebona v DPP CIV/T/40/1995. Letsae v Compol 1982/1984 LLR at 49. Letsie v Commissioner of Police CIV/APN/32/82. Mabope v R 1993/1994 LLR. Mahase v Compol CIV/APN/70/82. Makakole v Commissioner of Police 54/82. Maseko v AG C of A 1990/94 CIV/APN/27/1988. Matete v Minister in Charge of Police CIV/APN/30/82. Modisane v Compol 1980 (1) LLR at 149 at 228. Mokoaleli v Compol 1982/1984 LLR at 84. Mokotso v King CIV/APN/384/187. Molapo v Rex CIV/T/138/66 at 3. Moloi v Compol CIV/APN/203/81-80 (1) LLR 158 at 159. Molupe v Rex 1980 LLR at 112. Monare v Taylor 1967/1976 LLR at 13. Mpiti Sekake v Rex 1971/1973 LLR at 296. Nkholise v Compol CIV/APN/197/80. Nkofo v R 1967/1970 LLR at 383. Petlane v R 1971/73 p. 85 at 91. Phiri v Commander LDF CIV/T/92 LAC 1990/94 at 233. R v Mofelehetsi Moerane 1974/1975 LLR 212 at 251. viii R v Phaloane 1981 (2) LLR at 246. R v Tumelo Sesing CIV/T/20/80/81. Rex v Joubert Soare 1926-53 HCTLR 179-180. Rex v Mphulanyane CIV/T/10/1977. Rex v Peroko Motjokoteli 1926-1953 HCJLR 23 C-F. Rex v Tlali CIV/T127/1974 at 17. Sekhobe Letsie and Nqoana Ntloana Lerotholi v DPP LAC 1990/1994. Sello v Commissioner of Police 1980 (1) LLR at 162 (A). Seshophe v Compol CIV/APN/175/1979 at 170. Tanki v Lebamang Ntisa CIV/T/108/76. Theko v Compol C of A CIV/APN/27/1988 \Court of Appeal 1990-1994 at 13. Tsiu Mosala v R 1974/1975 LLR at 313. ix South African Table of Cases Cooper v Minister of Police 1977 (2) SA 209 (T). Ferreira v Levin 1995 (6) BCLR (CC). Gamble v Minister of Police 1979 (4) SA 759 (A). Gosschalk v Rossouw 1966 (2) SA 476 at 492 (C.P.D.). Govender v Minister of Safety and Security 2001 (4) SCA 273. Government of Republic of South Africa v Basdeo1996 (1) SA 355 (A). Government of RSA v Grootboom 2000 (11) BCLR 1169 (CC). Grootboom v Oostenberg Municipality 2003 (3) BCLR 277 (CC). Johnson v Minister of Home Affairs 1997 (2) SA 432(CC). Key v Attorney General, Cape 1996 (6) BCLR 788 (CC). Mazeka v Minister of Justice 1956 (1) SA 312 (A). Minister of Law and Order v Parker 1989 (2) SA 633 (A). Minister of Police v Ewels 1975 (3) SA 590 (A). Minister of Police v Rabie 1986 (1) SA 117 (A). Minister of Safety and Security v Gaga 2002 SACR 26. Mkhize v Minister of Law and Order 1985 (4) SA at 147 (N). Motlou v Makhubedu 1978 (1) SA 946 (A). Orr v Minister of Law and Order 1985 ECD Unreported. President of Republic of South Africa v Hugo 1997 (6) BCLR at 708 (CC). Raslos v Wilson 1998 (2) SACR 298-306 (N). Rossouw v Sachs 1964 (2) SA 551 (A). x R v Ananias 1963 (3) SA 486 (SR). R v Barlin 1926 AD at 462. R v Becker 1929 AD 167 at 171. R v Britz 1949 (3) SA 576 (A). S v Mnanzana 1966 (3) SA 38 (T). R v Nell 1967 (4) SA 489 (S.W.A.) R v Sibanda 1965 (1) SA 236 (A). R v Zwane 1950 (3) SA 717 (O. P.D). Schermbrucker v Klindt 1965 (4) SA 606 (A) . Ex Parte Matshini 1985 (EPD) Unreported. Sibiya v Swart 1950 (4) SA 515 (A). Siqaba v Minister of Defence Police 1980 (3) SA 800. Stanton v Minister of Justice 1960 (3) SA 353 (T). Superintendent-General of Education of KwaZulu-Natal v Ngubo 1996 (3) BCLR 369 at 3751. S v Barnard 1986 (3) SA 1 (A). S v Christe 1982 (1) SA 464 (A). S v Govender 2004 (2) SACR at 381 (SCA). S v Janeke 1999 (2) SACR 360 S v January;Prokureur-Generaal,Natal v Khumalo 1994 (2) SACR 801(A). S v Mthembu 2008 Jol 21609 (SCA). S v Lebone 1965 (2) SA 837 (A). S v Madiba 1998 (1) BCLR 38. S v Makwanyane 1995 (3) SA 391 (CC). xi S v Melani 1996 (1) SACR 335 (E). S v Mkwanazi 1966 (1) SA 736 (A). S v Motloutsi 1996 (1) SACR 78 (C) . S v Moumbaris 1973 (3) SA 109 (T). S v Mpetha 1982 (2) SA 406- 576 (CPD) at 581. S v Mphala 1998 (4) BCLR at 494 (W). S v Naidoo 1998 (1) BCLR 46. S v Sampson 1989 (3) SA 239 (A). S v Sheehama 1991 (2) SA 860(A). S v Socci 1998 BCLR (3) 376 E. S v Scholtz 1974 (1) SA 124 (W.P.A). S v Swanepoel 1985 (1) SA 293 (A). S v Walters 2000 (4) SA KH 63. S v Williams 1995 (3) SA 632 (CC). S v Yelelo 1981 (1) SA 1002 (A). Tcoeib v S 1996 (7) SACR 627 (NM). Union Government v Thorne 1930 (AD) at 47. Van Heerden v S 1958 (3) SA 150 (T). Wiesner v Molomo 1983 (3) SA 151(A). xii United Kingdom Table of Cases Allen v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1980) Crim.L.R. the Times March 24 Ballard, Steward-Park, Findlay v MPC (1983) West-Minister County Court Barbara v Home Office (1984) 134 NLJ 888 HC Bentley v Brudsinski (1982) 75 CR.APP.