Global Programmes & Organizations Our Earth & Environment Contents 1 Global Apollo Programme 1 1.1 Inspiration and aims .......................................... 1 1.2 Key areas of focus ........................................... 1 1.3 Key people ............................................... 1 1.3.1 Launch report authors ..................................... 1 1.3.2 Endorsers ........................................... 1 1.4 Reaction ................................................ 2 1.5 Key dates ............................................... 2 1.6 See also ................................................ 2 1.7 References .............................................. 2 1.8 External links ............................................. 3 2 United Nations Environment Programme 4 2.1 History ................................................. 4 2.2 Governance .............................................. 4 2.2.1 Executive Director ...................................... 4 2.2.2 List of Executive Directors .................................. 4 2.2.3 Structure ........................................... 4 2.3 Activities ............................................... 5 2.3.1 Notable achievements ..................................... 5 2.3.2 Reports ............................................ 5 2.3.3 International years ...................................... 5 2.4 Reform ................................................ 6 2.5 See also ................................................ 6 2.6 References .............................................. 6 2.7 Further reading ............................................ 6 3 World Climate Research Programme 8 3.1 Major Projects ............................................. 8 3.2 See also ................................................ 8 3.3 External links ............................................. 8 4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 9 i ii CONTENTS 4.1 Origins and aims ........................................... 9 4.2 Organization ............................................. 10 4.3 Assessment reports .......................................... 10 4.3.1 Scope and preparation of the reports ............................. 10 4.3.2 Authors ............................................ 11 4.3.3 First assessment report .................................... 11 4.3.4 Supplementary report of 1992 ................................ 11 4.3.5 Second assessment report ................................... 12 4.3.6 Third assessment report .................................... 12 4.3.7 Fourth assessment report ................................... 13 4.3.8 Fifth assessment report .................................... 14 4.4 Special reports ............................................. 15 4.4.1 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) ....................... 15 4.4.2 Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation (SRREN) .... 15 4.4.3 Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation (SREX) .................................. 15 4.4.4 Methodology reports ..................................... 16 4.5 Activities ............................................... 16 4.6 Nobel Peace Prize ........................................... 16 4.7 Criticisms ............................................... 16 4.7.1 Projected date of melting of Himalayan glaciers ....................... 16 4.7.2 Emphasis of the “hockey stick” graph ............................. 17 4.7.3 Conservative nature of IPCC reports ............................. 18 4.7.4 IPCC processes ........................................ 19 4.7.5 Outdatedness of reports .................................... 19 4.7.6 Burden on participating scientists .............................. 19 4.7.7 Proposed organizational overhaul .............................. 19 4.8 InterAcademy Council review ..................................... 20 4.9 Archiving ............................................... 20 4.10 Endorsements of the IPCC ...................................... 20 4.11 See also ................................................ 21 4.12 Notes ................................................. 21 4.13 References .............................................. 21 4.13.1 Citations ........................................... 21 4.13.2 Sources ............................................ 26 4.14 Further reading ............................................ 28 4.15 External links ............................................. 28 5 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 30 5.1 Treaty ................................................. 30 5.1.1 Kyoto Protocol ........................................ 31 5.1.2 Paris Agreement ....................................... 31 CONTENTS iii 5.1.3 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions and Nationally Determined Contributions . 31 5.1.4 Other decisions ........................................ 32 5.1.5 Interpreting Article 2 ..................................... 32 5.1.6 Precautionary principle .................................... 33 5.2 Parties ................................................. 34 5.2.1 Classification of Parties and their commitments ....................... 34 5.2.2 List of parties ......................................... 34 5.2.3 Annex I countries ....................................... 34 5.3 Conferences of the Parties ...................................... 34 5.4 Subsidiary bodies ........................................... 35 5.5 Secretariat .............................................. 35 5.6 Commentaries and analysis ...................................... 35 5.6.1 Criticisms of the UNFCCC Process ............................. 35 5.6.2 Benchmarking ......................................... 36 5.7 See also ................................................ 36 5.8 Notes ................................................. 36 5.9 References .............................................. 38 5.10 External links ............................................. 40 6 World Meteorological Organization 41 6.1 The organization ............................................ 41 6.2 Functions ............................................... 41 6.2.1 Meteorological codes ..................................... 42 6.3 World Meteorological Day ...................................... 42 6.4 Awards and prizes ........................................... 42 6.5 WMO conference on climate prediction and information for decision-making ............ 43 6.6 Membership ............................................. 43 6.6.1 Current member states .................................... 43 6.6.2 Historical member states ................................... 43 6.6.3 Member territories ...................................... 43 6.6.4 Membership by regional associations ............................. 43 6.7 See also ................................................ 47 6.8 References ............................................... 47 6.9 External links ............................................. 48 7 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 49 7.1 Purpose and function ......................................... 49 7.2 History ................................................. 49 7.3 Organizational structure ........................................ 50 7.3.1 National Weather Service ................................... 50 7.3.2 National Ocean Service ................................... 51 7.3.3 National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service .............. 51 iv CONTENTS 7.3.4 National Marine Fisheries Service .............................. 51 7.3.5 Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research ........................ 52 7.3.6 National Geodetic Survey .................................. 52 7.3.7 National Integrated Drought Information System ....................... 52 7.3.8 Office of Program Planning and Integration ......................... 52 7.4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ............................. 52 7.5 Flag .................................................. 53 7.6 See also ................................................ 53 7.7 References ............................................... 53 7.8 External links ............................................. 54 8 International Council for Science 55 8.1 Mission and principles ......................................... 55 8.2 History ................................................. 55 8.3 Universality of science ......................................... 55 8.4 Structure ................................................ 56 8.5 Finances ................................................ 56 8.6 Member Scientific Unions ....................................... 56 8.7 Member Scientific Associates ..................................... 56 8.8 See also ................................................ 56 8.9 References ............................................... 56 8.10 Bibliography ............................................. 56 8.11 External links ............................................. 56 8.12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses .......................... 57 8.12.1 Text .............................................. 57 8.12.2 Images ............................................ 59 8.12.3 Content license ........................................ 70 Chapter 1 Global Apollo Programme The Global Apollo Programme is a call for a ma- are economists Professor Lord Stern (author of The Stern jor global science and economics research programme Review) and Lord O'Donnell (former Cabinet