Peacekeeping GOVT333, Spring 2010 Professor Lise Morjé Howard Tuesdays, 2:15-4:05 Room: ICC 231 Office Hours: Tuesdays, 10-12, 3240 Prospect St. (Street Level) and by appointment email: [email protected] This seminar will explore historical and recent developments in peacekeeping, focusing primarily on UN peacekeeping, but also examining the U.S., NATO and other regional organizations. We will begin by studying the origins of peacekeeping, peacebuilding, and issues of multilateral intervention in civil wars. We will survey contrasting cases of success and failure in multidimensional peacekeeping in civil wars, in an effort to determine which factors were the most important determinants of the outcomes of the operations. We will then explore contemporary U.S. interest in peacekeeping, regional peacekeeping efforts, and some recent cases such as Afghanistan and Iraq. Finally, we will examine current debates in peacekeeping including whether force should be used, the “responsibility to protect,” and attempts to reform and improve the UN’s capacity to keep the peace. Course Requirements: Attendance is mandatory. More than two absences may lead to a failing participation grade. Assigned readings must be completed before class. Active participation in discussion and debates is expected and will account for a large part of your grade (15 percent). Each student will be responsible for preparing discussion questions with a partner once during the semester (15 percent of grade). There will be three one-page writing assignments (15 percent), a 10-12 page research paper (30 percent), and a take home final exam (25 percent). No laptops in class unless by permission of instrtuctor. Required Readings: Lise M. Howard. UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. Cambridge University Press, 2008. All other readings are available on Blackboard. 1 2 I) Overview of Peacekeeping, Multilateral Intervention, and Civil War January 19 Introduction to the Course January 26 Introduction to the UN System and Peacekeeping Boutros Boutros-Ghali. An Agenda for Peace. New York: United Nations, 1992. (Read especially sections that define peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peace-enforcement.) Edward Luttwak. “Give War a Chance.” Foreign Affairs, July/August 1999, pp.36-44. Chester Crocker. “A Poor Case for Quitting.” (Response to Luttwak) Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2000, pp. 183-86. Lise Howard. “Chapter 1, Introduction: Success, Failure, and Organizational Learning.” UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 1-20. February 2 Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding Analysis #1 due on the Paris reading V. Page Fortna and Lise Howard “Pitfalls and Progress in the Peacekeeping Literature.” Annual Review of Political Science. Vol. 11, January, 2008, pp. 283-302. Michael Doyle and Nicholas Sambanis. "International Peacebuilding" A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis." American Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No. 4, December 2000, pp. 779-801. Roland Paris. “Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism.” International Security, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1997, pp. 54-89. Volker C. Franke and Andrea Warnecke. “Building peace: an inventory of UN Peace Missions since the end of the Cold War.” International Peacekeeping, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2009, pp. 407-436. 3 February 9 Civil War Termination Roy Licklider “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars.” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 89, No. 3., 1995, pp. 681-690. I. William Zartman. “Negotiating Internal Conflict: Incentives and Intractability.” International Negotiation, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2001, pp. 297-302. Barbara Walter. “The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement.” International Organization, Vol. 51, No. 3, 1997, pp. 335-364. Virginia Page Fortna. “Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War.” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 2, June 2004, pp. 269-292. February 16 No Class Paper Topics Due II) Cases of UN Success, Failure, and Mixed Results February 23 Namibia and Rwanda Lise Morjé Howard. “UN Peace Implementation in Namibia: The Causes of Success.” International Peacekeeping, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2002, pp. 99-132. Marrack Goulding. “Namibia.” Peacemonger. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, pp. 139-175. J. Matthew Vaccaro. “The Politics of Genocide: Peacekeeping and Disaster Relief in Rwanda.” In UN Peacekeeping, American Policy, and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s. William Durch, ed., 1996, pp. 367-408. 4 Michael Barnett. “The UN Security Council, Indifference, and Genocide in Rwanda.” Cultural Anthropology, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1997, pp. 551-578. Lise Howard. “The failures: Somalia, Rwanda, Angola, Bosnia.” UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 28-35 (on Rwanda). March 2 Cambodia and East Timor Lise Morjé Howard, “Cambodia: Organizational Dysfunction, Partial Learning, and Mixed Success.” UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars, 2008, pp. 131-178. Lise Morjé Howard, “East Timor: The UN as State.” In UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars, 2008, pp. 260-298. Aurel Croissant. “The Perils and Promises of Democratization through United Nations Transitional Authority - Lessons from Cambodia and East Timor.” Democratization, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2008, pp. 649-668. Nicolas Lemay-Hebert. UNPOL and Police Reform in Timor-Leste: Accomplishments and Setbacks.” International Peacekeeping, Vol. 16, No, 3, 2009, pp. 393-406 March 9 Spring Break III) The U.S. and Peacekeeping March 16 The early U.S. - led operations: Somalia, Haiti, and Iraq I Analysis #2 due on the Fearon and Laitin reading David Laitin. “Somalia: Civil War and International Intervention.” In Barbara Walter and Jack Snyder, eds., Civil Wars, Insecurity and Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999, pp. 146-180. Lise Howard. “The failures: Somalia, Rwanda, Angola, Bosnia.” UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 21-28 (on Somalia). 5 James Dobbins et. al. “Haiti.” In America’s Role In Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq. Washington DC: Rand, 2003, pp. 71-86. David Malone. “Goodbye UNSCOM: A Sorry Tale in US-UN Relations,” Security Dialogue, Vol. 30, No. 4,1999, pp. 393-411. Ivo Daalder. “Knowing When to Say No: The Development of US Policy for Peacekeeping.” In UN Peacekeeping, American Policy, and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s. William Durch, ed., 1996, pp. 35-68. James Fearon and David Laitin. “Neotrusteeships and the Problem of Weak States.” International Security, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2004, pp. 5-43. March 19 Optional Rough Drafts Due March 23 Contemporary U.S-UN relations (Iraq II and Afghanistan) Nora Bensahel. “Mission Not Accomplished: What Went Wrong with Iraqi Reconstruction.” The Journal of Strategic Studies. Vol. 29, No. 3, 2006, pp. 453-473. Barnett Rubin and Humayun Hamidzada. “From Bonn to London: Governance Challenges and the Future of Statebuilding in Afghanistan.” International Peacekeeping. Vol. 14, No. 1, 2007, pp. 8-25. Catherine Dale. “War in Afghanistan: Strategy, Military Operations, and Issues for Congress.” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, January 23, 2009, pp. 1-75 (skim most, focus on sections on NATO). Stewart Patrick. “A Return to Realism? The United States and Global Peace Operations since 9/11.” International Peacekeeping, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2008, pp.133-148. VI) Regional Organizations and Peacekeeping 6 March 30 Africa Analysis #3 due on the Howe reading Alex Bellamy and Paul Williams. “Who’s Keeping the Peace? Regionalization and Contemporary Peace Operations.” International Security, Vol. 29, No. 4, 2005, pp. 157-195. Herbert Howe. “Lessons of Liberia: ECOMOG and Regional Peacekeeping.” International Security, Vol 21, No. 3. 1996-97, pp. 145-176. Andrew Natsios. “Beyond Darfur.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 3, 2008, pp.77-93. Paul Williams. “Into the Mogadishu Maelstrom: The African Union Mission in Somalia.” International Peacekeeping, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2009, pp.514-530. Denis Tull. “Peacekeeping in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Waging Peace and Fighting War.” International Peacekeeping, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2009, pp. 215-230. April 6 Europe Class Debate: NATO Should become a Global Organization Ivo Daalder and James Goldgeier. “Global NATO.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No. 5, 2006, p105-113. Zbigniew Brzezinski. “An Agenda for NATO: Toward a Global Security Web.” Foreign Affairs.Vol. 88, No. 5, 2009, pp. 2-21. Emanuel Adler. “The Spread of Security Communities: Communities of Practice, Self-Restraint, and NATO’s Post-Cold War Transformation.” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2008, pp.195-230. Dmitri Trenin. “NATO and Russia: Partnership or Peril?” Current History. Vol. 108, No. 720, 2009, pp. 299-304. See also debate “Should NATO support UN peacekeeping operations?” http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2005/issue2/english/debate.html 7 V) Contemporary Issues in Peacekeeping April 13 The Responsibility to Protect International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), “The Responsibility to Protect.” December 2001, pp. 1-75. (skim) Evans, Gareth and Mohamed Sahnoun. "The Responsibility to Protect" Foreign Affairs. November/December, 2002. Victoria Holt and Tobias Berkman. “The Impossible Mandate: Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect and Modern Peace Operations.” Washington, DC, The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2006, pp. 1-56, 179-200. Alex De Waal, “Darfur and the Failure of the Responsibility to Protect.” International Affairs, Vol 83, No. 6, 2007, pp. pp. 1039-1054. April 16 Research Papers Due at 4:00 in Professor’s