ENGINEERING GEOLOGY IN WASHINGTON Volume I RICHARD W. GALSTER, Chairman Centennial Volume Committee Washington State Section, Association of Engineering Geologists WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES BULLETIN 78 1989 Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Section of the A~ociation or Engineering Geologists ''WNatural ASHINGTON STATE Resources DEPARTMENT OF Brian Boyle • Commlssloner 01 Public Lands Ari Stearns - Sup,,rvuor Division of Geology and Earth Resources Raymond LcumanJs. Slate Geologist The use of brand or trade names in this publication is for pur­ poses of identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources or the Association of Engineering Geologists. This report is for sale (as the set of two volumes only) by: Publications Washington Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Mail Stop PY-12 Olympia, WA 98504 Price $ 27.83 Tax 2.17 Total $ 30.00 Mail orders must be prepaid; please add $1.00 to each order for postage and handling. Make checks or money orders payable to the Department of Natural Resources. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America. ii VOLUME I DEDICATION . ................ .. .. ...... ............ .......................... X FOREWORD ........... .. ............ ................... ..... ................. xii LIST OF AUTHORS ............................................................. xiv INTRODUCTION Engineering Geology in Washington: Introduction Richard W. Galster, Howard A. Coombs, and Howard H. Waldron ................... 3 PART I: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND ITS PRACTICE IN WASHINGTON Geologic Factors Affecting Engineered Facilities Richard W. Galster, Chapter Editor Geologic Factors Affecting Engineered Facilities: Introduction Richard W. Galster ................. ... ...................................... 17 Geotechnical Properties of Geologic Materials Jon W. Koloski, Sigmund D. Schwarz, and Donald W. Tubbs .................. .... 19 Natural Construction Materials Louis R. Lepp and Gary A. Flowers ............................................ 27 Foundation and Excavation Conditions in Washington William T. Laprade and Robert A. Robinson . 37 Ground Water in Washington John B. Noble ............................................................... 49 Erosion Richard W. Galster .... ...... ....................................... .. ... 59 Flood Hazards in Washington Denise E. Mills . 65 Landslide Provinces in Washington Gerald W. Thorsen . .......................................... ............... 71 Volcanic Hazards in Washington Howard H. Waldron .. .. ......................... ..... ................... 91 Tectonics, Seismicity, and Engineering Seismology in Washington Dennis R. McCrumb, Richard W. Galster, Robert S. Crosson, Ruth S. Ludwin, Donald 0. West, William E. Hancock, and Lawrence V. Mann ....... ..... ........ 91 Land Subsidence in Washington Timothy J. Walsh and Robert L. Logan . 121 Collapsing and Expansive Soils Thomas J. Bekey . 135 Influence of Man's Development on Geologic Processes Richard W. Galster . 139 The Practice of Engineering Geology in Washington Richard W. Galster, Chapter Editor The Role of Geologists in an Engineering Organization Thomas J. Bekey and Richard W. Galster ..................... .. ............... 147 Building Codes for Construction on Steep Slopes in Western Washington William T. Laprade . 151 Legal Aspects of Engineering Geology in Washington Thomas J. Bekey . 157 iii PART II: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CASE HISTORIES Dams of Western Washington Howard A. Coombs, Richard W. Galster, and William S. Bliton, Chapter Editors Dams of Western Washington: Introduction - Early Projects Richard W. Galster ................. ........................................ 165 The Baker Project Howard A. Coombs ....... ............................................... .. 175 The Skagit Projects: Ross, Diablo, and Gorge Dams Howard A. Coombs ............................ ............ ................ 189 Cascade Ice Border Dams Cascade Ice Border Dams: Geologic Setting Richard W. Galster and Howard A. Coombs ..... ......................... 203 Sultan River Project William S. B /iton ... ...................... ........................... 209 Tolt River Project William S. B/iton ........................................... .. ........ 217 Cedar River Project William S. B/iton .............. ..................................... 225 Howard A. Hanson Dam Richard W. Galster ............................................. .. ..... 233 Mud Mountain Dam Richard W. Galster ........................................... ........ 241 The Nisqually Projects: La Grande and Alder Dams Howard A. Coombs ............. ...... ............................... 249 Skookumchuck Dam Richard W. Galster and Charles I. Trantham ............. .. .... .. .... ... 257 The Cowlitz River Projects: Mayfield and Mossyrock Dams Howard A. Coombs . ................................................. ....... 265 Lewis River Projects William S. B/iton ..... ....................... .. ............................. 277 Dams of the Olympic Peninsula Dams of the Olympic Peninsula: Introduction and Geologic Setting Richard D. Ecker/in ............... .. ........... ... ............ ... 299 Elwha River Dams William S. Bliton .. ...... ............... .. ..... ................... 303 The Skokomish River Projects: Cushman Dam No. 1 and Cushman Dam No. 2 Howard A. Coombs ....................................... .. .... .. .... 311 Wynoochee Dam Richard D. Ecker/in .................................................... 317 Dams of the Columbia River and Tributaries Richard W. Galster and Howard A. Coombs, Chapter Editors Dams of the Columbia River and Tributaries: Introduction - Early Projects Richard W. Galster ....... .................................... ....... 325 Dams of the Lower Columbia River Dams of the Lower Columbia River: Geologic Setting Richard W. Galster and John W. Sager ....................... .... .. ... .. 331 iv Dams of the Lower Columbia River (Continued) Bonneville Dam John W. Sager ........................................................ 337 The Dalles Dam John W. Sager ........................................................ 347 John Day Dam John W. Sager . 353 McNary Dam Fred J. Miklancic . 359 Dams of the Middle Columbia River Dams of the Middle Columbia River: Introduction and Geologic Setting Richard W. Galster and Howard A. Coombs .............................. 367 Priest Rapids Dam Richard W. Galster ................................... ....... ....... 371 Wanapum Dam Richard W. Galster . 377 Rock Island Dam Richard W. Galster . 383 Rocky Reach Dam Howard A. Coombs .............................. .. .................... 391 Wells Dam Richard W. Galster . 397 Chief Joseph Dam Richard D. Ecker/in and Richard W. Galster ........................... .. ... 405 Grand Coulee Dam Phillip J. Hansen ...... .... ........................... .. ......... .. ..... 419 Dams of the Pend Oreille River Dams of the Pend Oreille River: Introduction and Geologic Setting Howard A. Coombs and William S. Bliton ................................ 433 Boundary Dam Howard A. Coombs ............................................. ...... 437 Box Canyon Hydroelectric Project William S. Bliton ......... ..... ..... ............. .. .. ............. 443 Dams of the Lower Snake River Dams of the Lower Snake River: Introduction and Geologic Setting Fred J. Miklancic . 449 Ice Harbor Dam Fred J. Miklancic . 453 Lower Monumental Dam Fred J. Miklancic .................................................... 459 Little Goose Dam Fred J. Miklancic . 465 Lower Granite Dam Fred J. Miklancic ....... ............................................. 471 Dams of the Yakima Basin Irrigation Project Dams of the Yakima Basin Irrigation Project: Introduction and Geologic Setting Brent H. Carter . 479 V Dams of the Yakima Basin Irrigation Project (Continued) Bumping Lake Dam J Brad Buehler ...... ................................................. 483 Cle Elum Dam Richard A. Link ................................... ...... ... .... ... 489 Clear Creek Dam Vikki L. McQueen ..... .................................. .... ....... 495 Easton Diversion Dam Dan N. Magleby ................................... .... ............ 501 Kachess Dam Allen C. Lockhart .................................................. ... 507 Keechelus Dam Brent H. Carter ....... ............................ ....... ..... ..... 513 Roza Diversion Dam Dan N. Magleby ...................................... .... ........... 521 Tieton Dam Jerry D. Gilbert ............ .. .................... ........ ......... 527 The Columbia Basin Project George E. Neff, Chapter Editor The Columbia Basin Project George E. Neff . .......................................... ................ 535 Nuclear and Coal-Fired Facilities in Washington Dennis R. McCrumb, Chapter Editor Nuclear and Coal-Fired Facilities in Washington: Introduction Dennis R. McCrumb ................................. .. .................... 567 Geology and Seismic Considerations of the Hanford Nuclear Site, David D. Tillson ........................................... .. ............. 569 Geology and Seismic Considerations of the Satsop Nuclear Power Plant Site Dennis R. McCrumb, Donald 0. West, and William A. Kiel . .................... 589 Geology and Seismicity of the Skagit Nuclear Power Plant Site Merlyn J. Adair, Ralph H. Talmage, Thomas W. Crosby, and Stephen M. Testa ..... 607 Geology and