Approved for release by ODNI on 02-12-2016, FOIA Case #DF-2015-00303 Approved for release by ODNI on 02-12-2016, FOIA Case #DF-2015-00303 UNCLASSIFIED This paper was principally authored by EASI Consult®, LLC with contributions from This paper was completed in January 2010 Contracting support provided by SPAWAR Atlantic Contract Number N6523606D6857-0448, N6523606D6857-0459 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for release by ODNI on 02-12-2016, FOIA Case #DF-2015-00303 UNCLASSIFIED CONTENTS_Toc288126829 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................1 Approach ....................................................................................................................................1 Key Findings ..............................................................................................................................1 The Psychosocial Considerations Cluster ....................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................3 Purpose ................................................................................................................................ 3 The Policy Bases for the Psychosocial Consideration Guidelines .............................................4 Approach Used in the Literature Review ...................................................................................8 1. Prediction Perspective .................................................................................................... 8 2. Three Levels of Evidence and Other Evidence .............................................................. 8 3. Grouping the Four Guidelines ..................................................................................... 10 4. Scope of Security Behavior ......................................................................................... 11 5. Effect Sizes ................................................................................................................... 13 Setting the Stage: Incidents of Psychosocial Issues in SSBI Investigations ............................15 Level 1 Evidence........................................................................................................................... 16 Methodological Evaluation of the Three Major Studies ..........................................................16 Herbig (2008) .................................................................................................................... 16 Stone (1992) ...................................................................................................................... 17 Thompson (2003) .............................................................................................................. 17 Guideline D – Sexual Behavior (Disorder) ..............................................................................18 Guidelines G and H – Alcohol Consumption and Drug Involvement .....................................19 Guideline I – Psychological Conditions ..................................................................................20 Prevalence of Psychological Conditions in Spies ............................................................. 20 Psychological Conditions and Motivations to Spy ........................................................... 21 Level 2 Evidence........................................................................................................................... 22 Guideline D – Sexual Behavior ...............................................................................................25 Pornography Use and Harmful Behavior .......................................................................... 25 Guidelines G and H – Alcohol Consumption and Drug Involvement .....................................26 Substance Use and Workplace Injuries ............................................................................. 26 Substance Use and Counterproductive Workplace Behaviors.......................................... 26 Substance Use and Workplace Aggression....................................................................... 29 Guideline I – Psychological Conditions ..................................................................................30 “Occupational Functioning” ............................................................................................. 31 Partial Analogs to Security Violation Behavior................................................................ 31 PTSD (Appendix B) .......................................................................................................... 32 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for release by ODNI on 02-12-2016, FOIA Case #DF-2015-00303 UNCLASSIFIED Evidence of Psychological Conditions‟ Prediction of Analogs of Security Violation Behavior .......................................................................................................................32 Level 3 Evidence........................................................................................................................... 45 Personality Traits: An Overview .............................................................................................45 Personality Traits Associated with clinical psychological conditions .....................................48 Personality Traits as Predictors of Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) ......................50 Counterproductive Work Behavior ................................................................................... 50 Conscientiousness ............................................................................................................. 51 Integrity ............................................................................................................................. 52 Agreeableness ................................................................................................................... 53 Neuroticism (Emotional Stability) .................................................................................... 54 Extraversion ...................................................................................................................... 54 Locus of control ................................................................................................................ 56 Self-control ....................................................................................................................... 56 Moral Identity ................................................................................................................... 57 Affect ................................................................................................................................ 57 Summary of Evidence for Counterproductive Work Behavior ........................................ 60 Summary of Findings from Level 1, 2, and 3 Evidence ............................................................... 61 Mitigators of Psychosocial Evidence ............................................................................................ 64 Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption and Drug Involvement by White-Collar Employees ....64 Occupational Correlates of Substance Use ....................................................................... 68 Predictors of Alcohol Use Severity................................................................................... 69 Treatment of Alcohol Abuse/Dependence ........................................................................ 71 Treatment of Pathological Gambling ................................................................................ 72 Incidence of Workplace Internet Pornography Use .......................................................... 72 Summary of Findings about Mitigators of Psychosocial Guidelines ........................................... 78 References ..................................................................................................................................... 80 Appendix A: Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy ................................................ 105 Appendix B: Summary of Research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ................................... 109 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder .............................................................................................109 PTSD and Aggression, Hostility, Anger and Emotional Regulation .............................. 109 PTSD and “Hardiness” ................................................................................................... 110 PTSD and Social Support ............................................................................................... 113 PTSD and Occupational Functioning ............................................................................. 113 Appendix C: Evidence Relating to Positive Security Behavior.................................................. 115 Introduction ............................................................................................................................115 Organizational Citizenship Behavior .....................................................................................116 Personality Traits ...........................................................................................................