Facultad de Filosofía y letras Departamento de Lingüística General, Lenguas Modernas, Lógica y Filosofía de la Ciencia, Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada GHUFRAN KHIRALLAH MENTAL FRAMES AND CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OF HIJAB AND HIJAB- WEARING WOMEN IN BRITISH AND SPANISH PRESS TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada bajo la dirección del Prof. Dr. D. Mohamed El-Madkouri Maataoui Y de la Profa. Dra. MariaCaterina La Barbera Madrid, 2017 2 TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 15 SECTION I: MUSLIMS AND EUROPE 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 23 2. Muslim settlement in Europe ....................................................................................... 24 3. European Muslims Accommodation ........................................................................... 29 4. Islam and Europe ......................................................................................................... 32 5. Politics and Islamophobia ............................................................................................ 34 6. Putting the pieces together: Who is “Us”? .................................................................. 36 7. Constructing the Forbidden: European Muslim “Us” ................................................. 38 8. A Puzzled Battle in Public Sphere: Secularism, Laïcité and Religious Liberty .......... 40 9. Social Contexts Under Scope ...................................................................................... 45 9.1. The British Context ............................................................................................... 45 9.1.1. Rushdie’s Affair .......................................................................................................... 48 9.1.2. Multiculturalism, Britishness or Social Richness ........................................................ 49 9.1.3. British Public School ................................................................................................... 50 9.2. Spanish Context..................................................................................................... 52 9.2.1. Spanish Public Schools ............................................................................................... 55 SECTION II: FEMINISM(S) AND THE HIJAB 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 61 2. Postcolonial Feminism ................................................................................................ 61 3. Being Muslim Women in Europe ................................................................................ 66 4. Multiple Realities, One Practice .................................................................................. 68 5. Veiling in Public (Secular) Sphere: A Political Response .......................................... 72 6. Religious Liberty vs Threat to Euro-Secularity ........................................................... 74 7. Gender equality in Pro-ban Discourse ......................................................................... 76 3 SECTION III: SOCIAL SIGNS, SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION, AND PUBLIC DISCOURSE 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 81 2. Signs and Symbols around the Veil ............................................................................. 82 3. Social Categorization and Prototypes: Euro-Veiled Women’s Exclusion .................. 84 4. Social Signs and Mental Frames: European Discourse of Veiling .............................. 86 5. Critical Discourse Analysis: Gender, Religion and Media .......................................... 88 SECTION IV: CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS AND MENTAL FRAMES 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 93 2. Conceptual Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics ........................................................... 94 3. Components of Conceptual Metaphor ......................................................................... 95 4. Kinds of Conceptual Metaphors .................................................................................. 96 5. Mental Frames and Cultural Models ........................................................................... 97 6. Metaphors and Mental Frames Variations................................................................... 99 SECTION V: METHODOLOGY 1. Objectives, Hypotheses and Research Questions ...................................................... 105 2. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 107 3. Data ............................................................................................................................ 110 SECTION VI: LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF MENTAL FRAMES IN THE SPANISH PRESS. MICRO-COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WITHIN-CULTURAL VARIATION 1. Linguistic Analysis of Mental Frames: an Introduction ............................................ 119 2. The Hijab ................................................................................................................... 119 2.1. Discrimination ..................................................................................................... 119 2.2. Submission .......................................................................................................... 121 2.3. Compulsivity ...................................................................................................... 124 2.4. Concealment ........................................................................................................ 132 4 2.5. Religiosity ........................................................................................................... 136 2.6. Othering ............................................................................................................... 144 2.7. Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 150 3. Muslim Women ......................................................................................................... 152 3.1. Ignorance ............................................................................................................. 153 3.2. Oppression ........................................................................................................... 162 3.3. Othering ............................................................................................................... 168 3.4. Indiscipline .......................................................................................................... 180 3.5. Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 185 4. Conceptual Metaphors: an Introduction .................................................................... 188 5. CONTAINER ............................................................................................................ 189 5.1. Accessibility to OUR CONTAINER .................................................................. 190 5.2. Barriers to the CONTAINER .............................................................................. 193 5.2.1. STEREOTYPES ARE BARRIERS ......................................................................... 193 5.2.2. THE HIJAB IS A BARRIER ................................................................................... 193 5.2.3. THE BAN LAW IS A BARRIER ............................................................................ 195 6. PERSONIFICATION ................................................................................................ 195 6.1. THE HIJAB IS AN ADOPTED CHILD............................................................. 196 6.2. THE HIJAB IS AN IDENTITY SWIPER .......................................................... 196 7. SYMBOLISM ........................................................................................................... 197 7.1. SIGN OF IDENTITY .......................................................................................... 197 7.2. SIGN OF OPPRESSION/IGNORANCE ............................................................ 199 8. TOOL ........................................................................................................................ 199 8.1. THE HIJAB IS A PROTECTIVE TOOL ........................................................... 200 8.2 THE HIJAB IS A DESTRUCTIVE TOOL ......................................................... 201 8.3. THE HIJAB IS A COMMUNICATIVE TOOL ................................................. 201 5 9. ENTITY ..................................................................................................................... 202 9.1. THE HIJAB IS ENTITY and IDENTITY IS ENTITY ...................................... 202 9.2. THE HIJAB IS AN ENTITY/BODY-PART ...................................................... 203 10. WAR ........................................................................................................................ 203 11. Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 212 SECTION VII: CRITICAL DISCOURSE