Chief Scientist’s Office Friends for Life New partners in support of protected areas Edited by Jeffrey A. McNeely Friends for Life New partners in support of protected areas Edited by Jeffrey A. McNeely Friends for Life New partners in support of protected areas Edited by Jeffrey A. McNeely IUCN – The World Conservation Union 2005 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or of the other funding organizations. This publication has been made possible in part by funding from GTZ-Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH, GEF and UNEP. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK Copyright: © 2005 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Edited by McNeely, Jeffrey A. (2005). Friends for Life: New partners in support of protected areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix + 232pp. ISBN-10: 2-8317-0834-6 ISBN-13: 978-2-8317-0834-8 Cover design by: McHale Ward Associates Cover photos: © Jim Thorsell, Russell A. Mittermeier/Conservation International, Haroldo Castro/Conservation International, Thomas O. McShane (see inside back cover for details) Layout by: McHale Ward Associates Produced by: IUCN Publications Services Unit Printed by: Thanet Press Ltd, Margate, UK Available from: IUCN Publications Services Unit 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL United Kingdom Tel: +44 1223 277894 Fax: +44 1223 277175 E-mail: [email protected] www.iucn.org/bookstore A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available. The text of this book is printed on Fineblade Smooth 115gsm made from low chlorine pulp. Table of contents Foreword Kenton Miller vii Preface Jeffrey A. McNeely ix Introduction: building broader support for protected areas Jeffrey A. McNeely 1 1 A taxonomy of support: how and why new constituencies are supporting protected areas Jeffrey A. McNeely, Kent H. Redford and Assheton Stewart Carter 11 2 Extractive industries as a new constituency for protected areas Assheton Stewart Carter 21 3 Urban dwellers and protected areas: natural allies Ted Tryzna 35 4 The role of hunting in promoting protected areas Kent H. Redford and Miranda Mockrin 49 5 Building support for protected areas using a “one health” perspective Steven A. Osofsky, Richard A. Kock, Michael D. Kock, Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka, Richard Grahn, Tim Leyland and William B. Karesh 65 6 Protected areas and the security community Anne Hammill 81 7 Protected areas and development assistance agencies: at the intersection of conservation and development Thomas O. McShane 91 8 Protected areas and local and indigenous communities Lea M. Scherl 101 9 Protected areas and indigenous peoples: the Durban contributions to reconciliation and equity Peter Bille Larsen and Gonzalo Oviedo 113 10 Building cultural support for protected areas through sacred natural sites Allen Putney 129 11 Building support for protected areas through tourism Robyn Bushell 141 12 Making connections: the tactics, art and science of building political support for protected natural areas David Ostergren 155 13 Contribution of the World Heritage Convention to building support for the global protected area system Jim Thorsell 169 14 Communication as a means of building support for protected areas Wendy Goldstein and Elisabeth Auchincloss 177 15 Some conclusions and ways ahead Jeffrey A. McNeely 191 Acronyms 197 List of contributors 198 References 201 v Foreword by Kenton Miller Protected areas have become part and parcel of global services e.g. fresh air and water, soil, moderating debates on such issues as security, human rights, genetic climates, and buffering impacts from severe weather. resources, foods and medicines, access to land and Rather than being elective luxuries which only rich resources, social and cultural values and human heritage. societies can afford, protected areas are essential Yet, while there are growing efforts to secure these areas, components of the human enterprise in societies at all protected areas are also experiencing direct and indirect stages of development and degrees of affluence. The threats to their very survival. What must be done to body of policies that lies behind this evolving vision protect these precious and often unique places has been includes the premise that achieving human security debated over the past several decades since the earliest depends upon guaranteeing the security of nature itself. World Parks Conference in 1962. In the meantime, Planning and managing protected areas in the 21st however, accelerating forces of change are bringing century will require forms of integrative thinking and greater challenges to the protected areas management practice that reach “outside of the box”. For example, enterprise at local, national, and global levels. Climate new social and economic thinking and practice include a change, rising sea levels, invasive species, changing focus upon the Millennium Development Goals, the habitats and expanding human settlements have direct Convention on Biological Diversity, the World Heritage impacts on existing protected areas. Current and Convention, and the Wetlands Convention (among other proposed sites are facing new policies related to international agreements). These instruments now governance, finance and access to resources. Growing provide goals and objectives for action and investment, populations with increasing demands for water, food, into which work on protected areas must be integrated. energy and fibre, and with changing food preferences As some would say, “that is where the action is”. and employment needs, are creating pressures around the periphery of existing sites, resulting in what Norman Integrative thinking and practice in the 21st century Myers called “the salami treatment” where small but calls for consideration of the rights of all people, with significant slices of protected areas are removed in particular concern at the present time for indigenous and favour of agriculture, forestry, mineral extraction and local communities. Several authors have stressed that human settlements. planning decisions must be based upon economic and ecological principles as well, and include corridors The authors of these chapters are a microcosm of the amongst individual areas and their surrounding participants at the 5th World Parks Congress who debated landscapes. A basic concern that continues to warrant three pioneering and controversial issues: the rapidly careful analysis is how to equitably share the costs and evolving vision of protected areas; the kinds of the economic, social, cultural, spiritual and other integrative thinking and practice that will be needed in benefits derived from the “use” of protected areas. The the coming decades; and the imperative of cooperation authors stress the need for continuing research and and agreement among protected area constituents, as sharing of experience on this issue. well as between them and society at large, if we are to achieve secure human communities that benefit from Finally, perhaps the most profound issue emanating and enjoy nature and natural resources. from the Congress is the recognition that little progress will be made in coming decades without agreements The evolving vision of protected areas encompasses being forged on fundamental issues amongst critical not only individual parks, but also areas which protect constituencies. These same individuals and groups must agricultural and settled landscapes and reach across establish new and effective ways to cooperate in taking national boundaries. In the past, idealistic values sufficed decisions, formulating and implementing standards, to justify the establishment of protected areas. evaluating progress, and deducing and sharing “lessons Increasingly, however, well managed systems of learned”. protected areas are recognised as requirements for human wellbeing and survival, through protecting All of the aforementioned issues are further biological diversity and providing vital ecosystem complicated by the growing trend towards decentralizing vii the management of protected areas, one implication of This book brings together, like no other, the experience which is the challenge of sharing and disseminating and wisdom of the leading thinkers and practitioners of effective strategies. Similarly, science and practice are protected area planning and management. Jeff McNeely generating new knowledge, yet little is being shared has long been an effective instigator of new ideas and where it is most needed. debate related to protected areas; in this book, he successfully integrates the disparate and often complex literature and debate regarding protected areas, deducing the “lessons learned” by so many researchers, managers, teachers and local communities. Kenton Miller (retired) (recently, Chair, IUCN/WCPA, and Vice-President,