CenterCenter forfor TeachingTeaching andand LearningLearning PresentsPresents thethe FallFall ScienceScience WorkshopWorkshop SeriesSeries WednesdayWednesday NovemberNovember 15,15, 20062006 1:001:00 p.m.p.m. MetabolismMetabolism ofof thethe HolidaysHolidays PresentedPresented byby thethe CenterCenter forfor TeachingTeaching andand LearningLearning andand MarcMarc McCloskeyMcCloskey ReviewReview ProkaryoticProkaryotic Bacteria Archaea EukaryoticEukaryotic Unicellular Protists Multi-cellular Fungi Plants Animals ReviewReview--RequirementsRequirements forfor LifeLife carboncarbon--andand--waterwater--basedbased areare cellularcellular withwith complexcomplex organizationorganization undergoundergo metabolismmetabolism possesspossess aa capacitycapacity toto growgrow respondrespond toto stimulistimuli ReproduceReproduce throughthrough naturalnatural selection,selection, adaptadapt inin succeedingsucceeding generationsgenerations ProkaryoticProkaryotic CellCell Source: Wikipedia.com “prokaryotes” EukaryoticEukaryotic CellsCells----AnimalAnimal EukaryoticEukaryotic CellCell----PlantPlant Source: Wikipedia.com “plant cells” ReviewReview----OrganellesOrganelles MitochondriaMitochondria--metabolism and ATP production NucleusNucleus--contains genetic material RibosomeRibosome--assembles proteins Chloroplast*Chloroplast*--conduct photosynthesis VacuoleVacuole--storage, secretory, excretory EndoplasmicEndoplasmic ReticulumReticulum--protein translation, folding, and transport GolgiGolgi ApparatusApparatus--delivery system for the cell Lysosomes^Lysosomes^--digestion, apoptosis, “healing” Glyoxysome*Glyoxysome*--breakdown of fatty acids to sugars TheThe MitochondriaMitochondria SingularSingular---- mitochondrionmitochondrion ContainContain theirtheir ownown DNADNA Origin:Origin: EndosymbioticEndosymbiotic HypothesisHypothesis——thoughtthought toto havehave descendeddescended fromfrom bacteriabacteria whichwhich waswas thenthen incorporatedincorporated intointo anotheranother speciesspecies ofof bacteriabacteria byby beingbeing engulfedengulfed andand becomingbecoming partpart ofof thethe cytoplasmcytoplasm (chloroplasts)(chloroplasts) ItIt isis thethe organelleorganelle inin eukaryoticeukaryotic cellscells thatthat servesserves asas thethe sitesite ofof cellularcellular respirationrespiration (aerobic)(aerobic) CellularCellular respirationrespiration isis thethe cataboliccatabolic pathwaypathway forfor thethe productionproduction ofof ATP,ATP, inin whichwhich oxygenoxygen isis consumedconsumed asas aa reactantreactant alongalong withwith thethe organicorganic fuel.fuel. TheThe MitochondrionMitochondrion Source: Wikipedia.com “mitochondria” TheThe MitochondriaMitochondria----Cont.Cont. MadeMade ofof anan innerinner andand outerouter membranemembrane PhospholipidPhospholipid bilayerbilayer andand proteinsproteins Cristae:Cristae: internalinternal compartments/foldcompartments/fold Provides more surface area Contains proteins, ATP synthase, and cytochromes Matrix:Matrix: thethe internalinternal spacespace insideinside thethe innerinner layerlayer Contains 100’s of enzymes, ribosomes, tRNA, and mitochondrial DNA WhatWhat isis MetabolismMetabolism Greek for “change” or “overthrow” First studied by Santorio Santorio in 1614 Dr. Johan Musk in 1984 (revised 1992) Metabolism is the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways Basal Metabolic Rate: Energy used at rest Usually faster in smaller animals than in larger animals (mouse vs. elephant) Influenced by many factors such as age, size, genetic disposition, gender, general health, activity levels, medications ReactionsReactions ofof MetabolismMetabolism MetabolicMetabolic Pathways:Pathways: thethe seriesseries ofof chemicalchemical reactionsreactions Anabolism:Anabolism: thethe metabolicmetabolic pathwaypathway thatthat buildsbuilds largerlarger moleculesmolecules fromfrom smallersmaller onesones Example: amino acids into enzymes or nucleic acids Catabolism:Catabolism: thethe metabolicmetabolic pathwaypathway thatthat breaksbreaks downdown largerlarger moleculesmolecules intointo smallersmaller onesones Example: Fats, Carbohydrates, Protein AnabolismAnabolism TheThe synthesissynthesis ofof complexcomplex moleculesmolecules fromfrom simplesimple moleculesmolecules BoneBone andand MuscleMuscle AnabolicAnabolic SteroidsSteroids NaturalNatural andand SyntheticSynthetic PromotesPromotes cellcell growthgrowth ManyMany SideSide effectseffects associatedassociated withwith HormoneHormone RegulatedRegulated OppositeOpposite ofof CatabolismCatabolism CatabolismCatabolism CarbohydrateCarbohydrate Catabolism:Catabolism: thethe breakdownbreakdown ofof monosaccharides,monosaccharides, disaccharides,disaccharides, andand polysaccharidespolysaccharides Glycolysis Glycogensis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogensis CatabolismCatabolism——cont.cont. LipidLipid (fat)(fat) Catabolism:Catabolism: ingested as triglycerides and broken down into free fatty acids and monogylcerides where they are then stored or used up as energy. 1 gram of fat has more then 2x the energy yield of protein and carbohydrates Fatty acids have 6x the energy storage as glycogen So: 1 lb of fat = 6.75 lbs of glycogen ProteinProtein Catabolism:Catabolism: The break down of proteins into amino acids Recycled or used to make new amino acids SoSo……..How..How DoDo WeWe ObtainObtain EnergyEnergy TheThe LiverLiver Responsible for various functions in the body Food is digested in the mouth, stomach, and intestines where it is then absorbed through the gut wall where it then ends up in the liver via blood where it then becomes metabolized so it can be used or stored FoodFood andand DrinkDrink Measured in Calories Measurement of energy Calorie (kg) vs. calorie (g) 3200 Calories required to burn 1lb of fat Daily Suggested Servings The food pyramid Basal Metabolic Rate SimpleSimple MetabolicMetabolic PathwayPathway Source: Biology. Campbell and Reece. Metabolism CatabolicCatabolic PathwaysPathways Source: Wikipedia.com “cell metabolism” SomeSome ComplexComplex PathwaysPathways Carbohydrates Source: Cellml.org “metabolic pathways” SomeSome MoreMore ComplexComplex PathwaysPathways Lipids Source: Cellml.org “metabolic pathways” EvenEven MoreMore ComplexComplex PathwaysPathways AminoAmino AcidsAcids Source: Cellml.org “metabolic pathways” TheThe LiverLiver Source: Wikipedia “liver” Source: http://www.epidemic.org TheThe FoodFood PyramidPyramid BMRBMR ActivityActivity requiredrequired toto burnburn 100100 CaloriesCalories Exercise to burn Time Bicycling 10 minutes Running 6 minutes Walking up Stairs 4 minutes Standing 50 minutes Basketball 10 minutes Source: http://www.weight-loss-lose- Source: http://www.uen.org weight.com/basal-metabolic-rate- /Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid=1253 calculator.htm TurkeyTurkey Apple Pie Serving size 1 4.1oz slice Pumpkin Pie Ham Severing size 3oz. Green Bean Casserole Cranberry Sauce Serving size 1 2oz. slice Candied Yams Fruit Cake Serving size 5oz. Serving size 1.5oz StuffingStuffing Gravy Mashed potatoes w/ whole milk and butter Dinner rolls Source: http://www.nutritiondata.com/index.html http://www.thecaloriecounter.com www.diets.com DonDon’’tt ForgetForget thethe DrinksDrinks Soda– 150 Calories on average per can Kool-Aid– 770 Calories per 2qt. or ~96 Calories per 8 oz. serving Milk-- 1-8oz. Serving Calories Fat (g) Whole 149 7.7 2% Reduced fat 121 4.4 1% Lowfat 104 2.2 Nonfat 90 0.5 Chocolate, Whole 208 8 Chocolate, 2% Reduced fat 178 4.7 Chocolate, 1% Lowfat 157 2.3 Fruit Juices– ~120 Calories per 8oz. Serving Low sugar/diet juices ~ 50 Cal per 8oz. Serving DrinksDrinks ContinuedContinued Coffee– 9 Cal in a cup + 22 Cal per container (11g) of light cream + 23 Cal per packet (6g) of sugar Beer— Brand 12oz. Can Calories Carbs (g) Budweiser 154 10.6 Bud Light 110 6.6 Bud Select 99 3 Source: http://www.beer100.com/beercalories.htm Egg Nog– 340 Cal. per 8oz.w/out alcohol 480 Cal. w/ 1 shot of liquor (1shot=140Cal) SomeSome HolidayHoliday TidbitsTidbits ofof InfoInfo TheThe averageaverage personperson eatseats aroundaround 45004500 caloriescalories andand 230230 gramsgrams ofof fatfat onon ThanksgivingThanksgiving alone.alone. WeightWeight gaingain isis aboutabout 11 lblb fromfrom ThanksgivingThanksgiving toto thethe beginningbeginning ofof thethe NewNew Year,Year, notnot thethe 55--10lbs10lbs originallyoriginally thoughthough toto bebe gainedgained However,However, thatthat 11 lblb cancan staystay withwith youyou throughthrough adulthoodadulthood TheThe reasonreason youyou areare tiredtired afterafter eatingeating isis nownow thoughtthought toto bebe fromfrom youryour bodybody workingworking overtimeovertime toto digestdigest allall thethe foodfood youyou justjust ateate notnot fromfrom TryptophanTryptophan alone.alone..