Naval War College Review Volume 67 Article 20 Number 1 Winter 2014 Winter 2014 Review The .SU . Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation War College, The .SU . Naval (2014) "Winter 2014 Review," Naval War College Review: Vol. 67 : No. 1 , Article 20. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol67/iss1/20 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. War College: Winter 2014 Review Winter 2014 Volume 67, Number 1 Winter 2014 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2014 1 6377_Cover.indd Cyan Magenta Yellow Black Naval War College Review, Vol. 67 [2014], No. 1, Art. 20 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW Winter 2014 Volume 67, Number 1 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol67/iss1/20 2 War College: Winter 2014 Review NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS ADVISORY BOARD PERESID NT, NAVAL WAR COLLEGE Adam Bellow Rear Adm. Walter E. Carter, Jr., USN Jeffrey Kline PROVOST Gale A. Mattox Amb. Mary Ann Peters Robert A. Silano Marin Strmecki DEAN OF NAVAL WARFARE STUDIES Dov S. Zakheim Robert C. Rubel NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW EDITORIAL BOARD Carnes Lord, Editor Donald Chisholm Pelham G. Boyer, Managing Editor Audrey Kurth Cronin Phyllis P. Winkler, Book Review Editor Peter Dombrowski Lori A. Almeida, Secretary and Circulation Manager Stephen Downes-Martin Frank Uhlig, Jr., Editor Emeritus Col. Theodore L. Gatchel, USMC (Ret.) James R. Holmes Naval War College Review William C. Martel Code 32, Naval War College Col. Mackubin Owens, USMC (Ret.) 686 Cushing Rd., Newport, RI 02841-1207 Cdr. Derek S. Reveron, USN Fax: 401.841.1071 Michael Schmitt DSN exchange, all lines: 841 Capt. Peter M. Swartz, USN (Ret.) Website: www.usnwc.edu/press Capt. David Teska, USCGR http://twitter.com/NavalWarCollege Scott C. Truver Editor, Circulation, or Business James J. Wirtz 401.841.2236 [email protected] Managing Editor 401.841.4552 [email protected] Newport Papers, Books [email protected] Essays and Book Reviews 401.841.6584 [email protected] Other Naval War College Offices 401.841.3089 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2014 3 Naval War College Review, Vol. 67 [2014], No. 1, Art. 20 The Naval War College Review was established in 1948 as a forum for discussion of public policy matters of interest to the maritime services. The thoughts and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the U.S. government, the U.S. Navy Department, or the Naval War College. The journal is published quarterly. 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ISSN 0028-1484 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol67/iss1/20 4 War College: Winter 2014 Review Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2014 5 Naval War College Review, Vol. 67 [2014], No. 1, Art. 20 CONTENTS From the Editors ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 3 Strengthening Our Naval Profession through a Culture of Leader Development . 7 Rear Admiral James Kelly, USN (Ret.) President’s Forum . 13 War Gaming Trends in Modern War Gaming The Art of Conversation . 17 Hank J. Brightman and Melissa K. Dewey Certain recent war games at the Naval War College point out for war-gaming professionals a path that will return them to the explorative power of gaming envisioned by William McCarty Little soon after the founding of the College—a perspective that values both experiential processes and analytical outcomes and understands that these domains are not mutually exclusive. Your Boss, Players, and Sponsor The Three Witches of War Gaming . 31 Stephen Downes-Martin The director of a war game, responsible for meeting the sponsor’s objectives, must successfully manage three particular categories of senior stakeholders or risk—as the three “weird sisters” of Shakespeare’s Macbeth threatened—“double, double toil and trouble.” Naval History The Idea of a “Fleet in Being” in Historical Perspective . 43 John B. Hattendorf The concept of a “fleet in being” has been understood in various ways and generally maligned. But two Royal Navy episodes in the age of sail that might be considered, in retrospect, as the concept’s earliest applications suggest a purpose that has more claim on modern naval strategists. Kamikazes The Soviet Legacy . 61 Maksim Y. Tokarev The asymmetric counter that the Soviet Union devised against U.S. aircraft carrier forces in the Cold War had strong parallels—both in concept and in suicidal outcome—with the Japanese kami- kaze campaign against those same forces late in the Pacific War. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol67/iss1/20 6 2 nAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEWarW College: Winter 2014 Review “Winning” the Pacific War The Masterful Strategy of Commander Minoru Genda ����������������������������������������� 85 Angelo N. Caravaggio There were actually three plans for the attack against Pearl Harbor: two developed by Minoru Genda—reflecting his belief that the target was the base, not the Pacific Fleet—and the one actually executed. Had the Japanese followed either of Genda’s plans, the events of 1942, at least, would have been fundamentally different. Research & Debate Was There Something Unique to the Japanese That Lost Them the Battle of Midway? . 119 James P. Levy Strength in Numbers: The Remarkable Potential of (Really) Small Combatants . 125 Jimmy Drennan Commentary Reflections on Leadership ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������135 Christopher H. Johnson Book Reviews The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today, by Thomas E. Ricks reviewed by Murray Williamson . 145 George F. Kennan: An American Life, by John Lewis Gaddis reviewed by John B. Hattendorf. 152 Turning the Tide: The Battles of Coral Sea and Midway, edited by J. E. Harrold reviewed by Jon Scott Logel . 154 Beyond Pearl Harbor: The Untold Stories of Japan’s Naval Airmen, by Ron Werneth reviewed by Jason Ravnsborg ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������156 Private Empire: ExxonMobil and American Power, by Steve Coll reviewed by Roger Ducey . 156 Of Special Interest . 158 Reflections on Reading . 159 Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2014 7 Naval War College Review, Vol. 67 [2014], No. 1, Art. 20 from the editors One of the four key missions assigned the Naval War College has long been the education of future leaders. In 2007, the College of Operational and Strategic Leadership (COSL) was established as a component of the College to sharpen the focus of its educational activities in direct support of the fleet. In our feature, after these notes, Rear Admiral James Kelly, USN (Ret.), the current dean of COSL, provides an account of what may prove to be the most important initia- tive undertaken in recent years to review, align, and strengthen the policies and processes by which the Navy develops its leaders at all levels. (Rear Admiral Ted Carter, President of the Naval War College, addresses this topic in his “President’s Forum,” below.) Further reflections on military leadership today are offered later in this issue by retired Navy captain Chris Johnson, as well as by the distinguished military historian Williamson Murray in his extended essay on Tom Ricks’s widely discussed recent book The Generals. The Naval War College’s War Gaming Department is located in McCarty Little Hall, a state-of-the-art gaming and decision-support facility on the College’s New- port campus. As Hank J. Brightman and Melissa K. Dewey remind us in “Trends in Modern War Gaming: The Art of Conversation,” Lieutenant William McCarty Little, the founder of war gaming in the U.S. Navy, was a true innovator and vi- sionary who devised an approach to war gaming that remains highly relevant to- day. Rather than seeking to use gaming tools to reduce complex interactions into artificially simplified terms, McCarty Little understood clearly that warfare is a holistic experience that is at its heart a dialogue or conversation among comrades and adversaries alike.