Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4911.html APPENDIX B 237 Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries Acetaldehyde *Dimethylformamide (123) Acetic Acid *Dimethyl sulfate (125) Acetone *Dioxane (126) Acetonitrile *Ethylene dibromide (128) Acetylene *Fluorine (95) Acrolein *Formaldehyde (130) Acrylamide *Hydrazine and salts (132) Acrylonitrile Hydrofluoric acid (43) Aluminum Trichloride Hydrogen bromide (98) Ammonia (Anhydrous) Ammonium Hydroxide Aniline Arsine Benzene Boron Trifluoride Bromine Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Butyllithiums Carbon Disulfide Carbon Monoxide Carbon Tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroform Chloromethyl Methyl Ether (and Related Compounds) Chromium Trioxide and Other Chromium(VI) Salts Cyanogen Bromide Diazomethane Diborane Dichloromethane Diethyl Ether Diethylnitrosamine (and Related Nitrosamines) Dimethyl Sulfate Dimethyl Sulfoxide Dimethylformamide Dioxane Ethanol Ethidium Bromide Ethyl Acetate Ethylene Dibromide Ethylene Oxide Fluorides (Inorganic) Fluorine Formaldehyde Hexamethylphosphoramide Hexane (and Related Hydrocarbons) Hydrazine Hydrobromic Acid and Hydrogen Bromide Hydrochloric Acid and Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen Hydrogen Cyanide Hydrogen Fluoride and Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrogen Peroxide Hydrogen Sulfide Iodine Lead and Its Inorganic Compounds Lithium Aluminum Hydride Mercury Methanol Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Iodide Nickel Carbonyl Nitric Acid Nitrogen Dioxide Osmium Tetroxide About this This PDF newfile: representation digital of original work the has been recomposed from createdXML files the from original paper book, not the from original typesetting breaks files. 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Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4911.html APPENDIX B 238 LABORATORY CHEMICAL SAFETY SUMMARY: ACETALDEHYDE Substance Acetaldehyde (Ethanal, acetic aldehyde) CAS 75-07-0 Formula CH3CHO Physical Properties Colorless liquid bp 21 °C, mp -124 °C Miscible with water Odor Pungent, fruity odor detectable at 0.0068 to 1000 ppm (mean = 0.067 ppm) Vapor Density 1.52 (air = 1.0) Vapor Pressure 740 mmHg at 20 °C Flash Point -38 °C Autoignition Temperature 185 °C Toxicity Data LD50 oral (rat) 661 mg/kg 3 LC50 inhal (rat) 20,550 ppm (37,000 mg/m ; 30 min) PEL (OSHA) 200 ppm (360 mg/m3) TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 100 ppm (180 mg/m3) STEL (ACGIH) 150 ppm (270 mg/m3) Major Hazards Highly flammable liquid; irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Toxicity The acute toxicity of acetaldehyde is low by inhalation and moderate by ingestion. Exposure to acetaldehyde by inhalation is irritating to the respiratory tract and mucous membranes; this substance is a narcotic and can cause central nervous system depression. Ingestion of acetaldehyde may cause severe irritation of the digestive tract leading to nausea, vomiting, headache, and liver damage. Acetaldehyde causes irritation and burning upon skin contact and is a severe eye irritant. Acetaldehyde has caused nasal tumors in rats exposed by inhalation and is listed by IARC in Group 2B ("possible human carcinogen"). It is not classified as a "select carcinogen" according to the criteria of the OSHA Laboratory Standard. Acetaldehyde is mutagenic and has been shown to be a reproductive toxin in animals. Acetaldehyde is formed by metabolism of ethanol, and chronic exposure can produce symptoms similar to alcoholism. Flammability and Explosibility Acetaldehyde is a dangerous fire hazard (NFPA rating = 4) owing to its volatility and low autoignition temperature. Its vapor is explosive in the concentration range 4 to 66% in air and may be ignited by hot surfaces such as hot plates or light bulbs, or by static electricity discharges. The vapor is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight acetaldehyde fires. The information in this LCSS has been compiled by a committee of the National Research Council from literature sources and Material Safety Data Sheets and is believed to be accurate as of July 1994. This summary is intended for use by trained laboratory personnel in conjunction with the NRC report Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals. This LCSS presents a concise summary of safety information that should be adequate for most laboratory uses of the title substance, but in some cases it may be advisable to consult more comprehensive references. This information should not be used as a guide to the nonlaboratory use of this chemical. About this This PDF newfile: representation digital of original work the has been recomposed from createdXML files the from original paper book, not from the original typesetting breaks files. Page are true the line lengths, word breaks,to original; heading styles,typesetting-specific and other formatting, however, cannot be retained,andtypographic some errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4911.html APPENDIX B 239 Reactivity and Incompatibility Acetaldehyde is a reactive substance and on storage in the presence of air may undergo oxidation to form explosive peroxides. It may also polymerize violently when in contact with strong acids or trace metals such as iron. Acetaldehyde may undergo violent reactions with acid chlorides, anhydrides, amines, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide. Storage and Handling Acetaldehyde should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for dealing with extremely flammable substances (Chapter 5.F). In particular, acetaldehyde should be used only in areas free of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers. Acetaldehyde should always be stored under an inert atmosphere of nitrogen or argon to prevent autoxidation. Accidents In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If acetaldehyde is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once. In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the acetaldehyde with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Alternatively, acetaldehyde spills may be neutralized with sodium bisulfite solution before cleanup. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area. Disposal Excess acetaldehyde and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume. About this This PDF newfile: representation digital of original work the has been recomposed from createdXML files the from original paper book, not from the original typesetting breaks files. Page are true the line lengths, word breaks,to original; heading styles,typesetting-specific and other formatting, however, cannot be retained,andtypographic some errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4911.html APPENDIX B 240 LABORATORY CHEMICAL SAFETY SUMMARY: ACETIC ACID Substance Acetic acid (Ethanoic acid) CAS 64-19-7 Formula CH3COOH Physical Properties Colorless liquid bp 118 °C, mp 17 °C Miscible in water (100 g/100 mL) Odor Strong, pungent, vinegar-like odor detectable at 0.2 to 1.0 ppm Vapor Density 2.1 (air = 1.0) Vapor Pressure 11 mmHg at 20 °C Flash Point 39 °C Autoignition Temperature 426 °C Toxicity Data LD50 oral (rat) 3310 mg/kg LD50 skin (rabbit) 1060 mg/kg LC50 inhal (mice) 5620 ppm (1 h) PEL (OSHA) 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 10 ppm (25 mg/m3) STEL (ACGIH) 15 ppm (37 mg/m3) Major Hazards Corrosive to the skin and eyes; vapor or mist is very irritating and can be destructive to the eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory system; ingestion causes internal irritation and severe injury. Toxicity The acute toxicity of acetic acid is low. The immediate toxic effects of acetic acid are due to its corrosive action and dehydration of tissues with which it comes in contact. A 10% aqueous solution of acetic acid produced mild or no irritation on guinea pig skin. At 25 to 50%, generally severe irritation results. In the eye, a 4 to 10% solution will produce immediate pain and sometimes injury to the cornea. Acetic acid