Indigenous Self-Government under State Recognition: Comparing Strategies in Two Cases Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Hiraldo, Danielle Vedette Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 07:25:20 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/605217 INDIGENOUS SELF-GOVERNMENT UNDER STATE RECOGNITION: COMPARING STRATEGIES IN TWO CASES by Danielle V. Hiraldo ____________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the GRADUATE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROGRAM IN AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Danielle Hiraldo, titled Indigenous Self-Government under State Recognition: Comparing Strategies in Two Cases and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________________________________ Date: 11/12/15 Robert Hershey _______________________________________________ Date: 11/12/15 Benedict J. Colombi _______________________________________________ Date: 11/12/15 Stephen Cornell _______________________________________________ Date: 11/12/15 K. Tsianina Lomawaima Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ________________________________________________ Date: 11/12/15 Dissertation Director: Robert Hershey 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Danielle V. Hiraldo 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ....................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 8 NATIVE NATIONS AND THE EXCLUSIVE FEDERAL RELATIONSHIP .............................................. 11 FEDERALISM: THE DIVISION OF POWER AND AUTHORITY IN THE UNITED STATES ..................... 18 A WAVE OF NEW FEDERALISM .................................................................................................. 22 STATE RECOGNITION: AN EXAMPLE OF TRIBAL-STATE RELATIONSHIPS ..................................... 24 CASE STUDIES: LUMBEE AND WACCAMAW INDIAN PEOPLE ...................................................... 28 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................... 33 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 33 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER TWO: RESTRUCTURING THE GOVERNMENT-TO-GOVERNMENT RELATIONSHIP ........................................................................................................................ 40 WHO DECIDES? .......................................................................................................................... 41 THE ARGUMENT REMAINS THE SAME: FEDERAL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OPENS DOORS ............... 45 NATIVE NATION/STATE RELATIONSHIPS: DEVOLUTION OF AUTHORITY .................................... 49 CHAPTER THREE: STATE RECOGNITION ...................................................................... 53 FEDERALISM: ALTERNATIVE ARENAS FOR STATE RECOGNITION ............................................... 53 STATE RECOGNITION: A NEW PHENOMENON? ........................................................................... 58 LUMBEE RECOGNITION IN NORTH CAROLINA ............................................................................. 62 WACCAMAW INDIAN PEOPLE RECOGNITION IN SOUTH CAROLINA ............................................ 66 ISSUES FACING STATE-RECOGNIZED NATIVE NATIONS ............................................................. 70 SURVEY OF OTHER RELATIONSHIPS ........................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER FOUR: LUMBEE TRIBE OF NORTH CAROLINA ........................................ 81 WHO ARE THE LUMBEES? .......................................................................................................... 81 HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF LUMBEE INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH CAROLINA POLITICS .................. 89 “IF YOU ARE NOT AT THE TABLE, YOU ARE ON THE MENU”: GETTING THINGS DONE THROUGH LUMBEE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION .................................................................... 100 AN EXAMPLE: LUMBEES AND INDIAN CHILD WELFARE ........................................................... 109 CHAPTER FIVE: THE WACCAMAW INDIAN PEOPLE ................................................ 121 WHO ARE THE WACCAMAW? ................................................................................................... 121 THE DIMERY SETTLEMENT: HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WACCAMAW INDIAN PEOPLE ...... 124 WACCAMAW SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ............................................................. 127 CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN SOUTH CAROLINA ......................................... 133 CHAPTER SIX: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM THE LUMBEE AND WACCAMAW CASE STUDIES ........................................................................................................................ 139 EXTERNAL VARIABLES ............................................................................................................ 140 Time ..................................................................................................................................... 141 Population ........................................................................................................................... 141 Relations .............................................................................................................................. 142 LUMBEE STRATEGIES: WHAT WORKS ...................................................................................... 146 Voting ................................................................................................................................... 148 Serving as Political Actors .................................................................................................. 150 4 Engaging All Levels of Government .................................................................................... 153 Political “Friends” ............................................................................................................. 154 Pushing Political Agenda .................................................................................................... 155 Lumbee Keys to Success ...................................................................................................... 155 Lumbee Challenges .............................................................................................................. 157 WACCAMAW STRATEGIES: WHAT WORKS ............................................................................... 160 Political “Friends” ............................................................................................................. 162 Pushing Political Agenda .................................................................................................... 163 Internal Capacity ................................................................................................................. 164 Waccamaw Keys to Success ................................................................................................ 165 Waccamaw Challenges ........................................................................................................ 165 UNEXPLORED OPPORTUNITIES ................................................................................................. 167 HOW HAVE THEY SURVIVED: BY THE SEAT OF THEIR PANTS .................................................. 169 CONCLUDING REMARKS ........................................................................................................... 170 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 173 5 LIST