Index A B Academic knowledge, 98, 101, 115, 116 Backchannels, 54 Accent, 4, 41, 100, 101, 105, 110, 111, 113 Bah, 132, 179 Acceptance of praise, 170 Bahasa dalam, 168 Accommodation, 46, 51 Bahasa halus, 168 Accomplishments, 76, 77, 79, 82, 84, 85, Bahasa Indonesia, 129, 133 89–91, 93 Bahasa Melayu. See Malay Achievements, 76, 77, 81, 84, 88, 90, 92, 271 Bahasa rojak, 5, 248 Active knowledge, 22, 23 Baki, Aminudin and Chang, Paul, 256 Activities, 76, 80, 84, 88, 89, 92, 93 Bandar Seri Begawan (BSB), 9, 29, 31, 127, Adau Gayoh, 22 129, 137 Adversarial legal system, 136 Bangla, 12, 130 Africa, 116 Bangladesh, 9, 12, 125, 128, 130 Airport Mall, 31 Bank Islam Brunei Darussalam (BIBD), 202, Allophones, 59, 68 204, 205 Alveolar click (tsk), 53 Banks, 209 Alveolar sibilants, 57 Bario, 12 Amahs, 12 Bark scale, 65, 69 American English, 58 Baru, 75, 78, 80, 88, 89, 92 American norms, 99 Beijing Dialect, 57 Antconc, 203 Beijing Language and Culture University Apical vowels, 59, 64 (BLCU), 61 Apology, 171, 182, 183 Belait District, 9, 12 Applied linguistics, 1, 98 Belait language, 17 Approachability, 117 Belait River, 12 Approbation Maxim, 169, 174 Bilingual education system, 13, 272, 273 Approximants, 60 Bin, 203, 204 Arabic, 3, 14, 30, 44, 176, 190, 193, 202, 208, Bisaya, 11, 13, 17, 21, 259 209, 254, 259, 260, 263 Bookstores, 241 Articles, 41 Borneo, 5, 9, 11, 12, 18, 136, 214, 223 ASEAN, 10, 43, 234, 274 Borneo Bulletin (BB), 211, 214, 219 Aspect, 3, 75–78, 82–84, 86, 88–93 Borrowing, 36, 272 Aspect hypothesis, 83, 91, 93 British English, 58, 100, 117 Asterawani, 245 British National Corpus (BNC), 203 Atelic verbs, 76 British norms, 99 Attitudes, 4, 100, 102, 105, 106, 110 British protectorate, 10, 11, 275 Australia, 9, 12, 34, 100, 102, 112, 243, 256 Brudirect, 189, 260 © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 279 Noor Azam Haji-Othman et al. (eds.), The Use and Status of Language in Brunei Darussalam, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0853-5 280 Index Brunei Malay language, 10, 11, 20, 214, 242, Denigrating, 170 254 Dental fricatives, 42, 50 Brunei Malay people, 184 Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), 33, 241 Brunei Mandarin, 2, 57, 64, 69, 72 Dhivehi, 44 Brunei-Muara District, 234, 235 Dialect Shift, 19 Brunei Times, the, 21, 219 Diaspora, 57 Bruneization, 18 Digital Media, 247 Budi bahasa, 168 Diglossia, 12 Budi pekerti, 168 Diphthongs, 50, 58–60, 65, 66, 70 Disagreement, 169, 170, 174, 176, 180, 181 C Discourse markers, 135, 140, 141 Cantonese, 12, 58 Discrimination, 98, 99 Cell phones, 269 Discussion forums, 191 CfBT (originally ‘Centre for British Teachers’, Diversification, 5, 125, 268 now ‘CfBT Trust’), 34, 254 Dusun, 2, 3, 6, 9, 13, 18, 21, 22, 24, 259, 273 Chief Editor, 218, 219, 222 Dwibahasa, 10, 189, 253, 256, 257, 262, 263, China, 57, 116, 217 272 Chinese characters, 30, 62 Chinese language, 213 E Chinese people, 170 East Wind and the Sun (EWS), 63, 64 Chinese schools, 14, 57, 62 -ed suffix, 53 Citis Square, 32 Education system, 10, 13, 243, 253, 256, 257, Civil law, 4, 136 260, 263, 267, 270–274, 276 Classrooms, 97, 117 Egypt, 128 Coarticulation, 72 Elision, 48 Code-switching, 4, 11, 15, 135, 142, 144, 187, Emoticons, 194, 195 189, 191, 193–195 Employment, 268, 277 Coinages, 195 Endonormative stabilization, 192 Common law, 136, 147 English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), 41–43, 45, Compliment speech acts, 184 47, 50 Comprehensibility, 43, 101 English as a Second Language (ESL), 97, 98, Compulsory Islamic Religious Education, 260 103, 117 Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis English language teaching, 98 (CDMA), 198 English literature, 241–243, 245, 246, 249, 263 Consonant clusters, 41, 43 English-medium education, 13, 270 Consonant reduction, 49 Ethno-Vitality Rating. See Vitality rating, 20 Construction sites, 125–127 Euclidean distance, 65, 69, 73 Counsels, 135, 136 Count nouns, 195 F Court Registrar, 137 F1/F2 plane, 58, 60, 64–67, 70 Courtroom etiquette, 141 Face, 4, 168, 171, 172, 218, 221, 231 Creative writing, 6, 244, 246 Facebook, 4, 187–189, 191–193, 195–198, Crime reports, 220 220, 230 Critical Discourse Analysis, 211 FACE vowel, 41 Cultural shift, 18, 20 Fast speech, 3, 46, 47, 49–51, 53, 54 Culture, 6, 100, 108, 202, 212, 219 Feedback, 42, 45, 47, 52, 103, 118 Curriculum, 100, 243, 260, 262, 270, 274 Fiction, 245, 247–249 Cyberspace, 187, 188, 198 Filipino, 129, 130 Focus groups, 103, 106, 111, 116 D Folktales, 243 Dato, 204, 207 Food outlets, 127 Debuccalisation, 49 Foreign workers, 4, 12, 125, 127, 128, 132, Deductive structure, 213, 219 133 Defendants, 4, 135, 145 Formants, 58, 60, 63, 65, 66, 72 Index 281 France, 44, 52 Interpreters, 135–138, 141–143, 145, 146, 150 French, 44, 66, 263 Interruptions, 138 Friendliness, 98, 101, 109, 110, 114, 116, 117 Interviews, 4, 5, 32, 35, 44, 98, 103, 106, 111, Frustration, 53 116, 117, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 135, 137, 144, 145, 172, 211, 214, 215, 218, G 219, 221–223, 232, 274 Gaming, 4, 188, 195 Intonation, 42, 52, 140, 147 GCE ‘O’ Levels, 274 Intonational nucleus, 41 General American. See American English, 51 Inverted pyramid model, 212, 218 Generosity Maxim, 169, 173, 178, 182 Islam, 9, 14, 136, 190, 202, 207, 209, 222, 242, Globalisation, 34, 241, 257, 275 244, 249, 259, 260, 262, 270, 272 Glottal stop, 49 Islamicization, 18 GOAT vowel, 41, 50 Islamic Religious Knowledge (IRK), 243, 260, Grammar, 2, 3, 33, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 262 110, 115 Islamic Studies, 14, 259, 260, 262 Grammar teaching, 100 Italy, 30 Grammatical aspect, 76, 87, 92 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 268, 267 J Gurkhali, 33 Jalan Sultan, 30, 31, 36 Japan, 100, 114, 191, 273 H Japanese, 54, 126, 190, 191, 197, 244, 255 Haji, 203, 205 Japanese occupation, 244 Hakka, 12, 57, 62 Jawi, 3, 30–32, 34–37, 208, 254, 261 Hassanal Bolkiah Arabic Boys’ Secondary Job advertisements, 98 School, 259 Joking, 171, 177, 182, 183 Headlines, 215–217, 220 Judges, 4, 135, 137 Herbert’s Response Strategies, 181, 182 High Court, 135, 137, 143 K Hokkien, 12, 57, 62, 129 Kampung Air, 11 Hong Kong, 100, 126, 213 Kampung Bukit Udal, 22 Honorary titles, 205–207 Kedayan, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 21, 24, 33 Hope, 171, 182, 183 Kelabit, 12 Horror stories, 247 Kesantunan, 168 Kolej IGS Brunei Darussalam, 61 I Kolej Universiti Perguruan Ugama Seri Iban, 11–13, 17, 21, 24, 259 Begawan (KUPU-SB), 14, 259 Identity, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209 Korea, 44, 191, 216, 223, 225–229 Imperatives, 141, 147, 213 Korean, 44, 190, 191, 197, 202, 206, 224, 225 Imperfective, 76, 78, 81, 84, 85, 88–93 Kuala Belait, 9, 255 Inchoative, 88 India, 12, 128, 179, 256 L Indigenous languages, 12, 13, 17–21, 24, 136 Lah, 25, 131 Indonesia, 9, 18, 54, 103, 125, 128, 130, 245 Lakat, 75, 78, 82, 83, 86, 89, 91, 93 Inductive structure, 213 Language acquisition, 2, 3 Infrastructure, 10, 255, 267–270, 276 Language choice, 2, 4, 106, 126, 130, 132, 133, Initialisms, 36, 52 135, 141, 151, 219 Inner Circle, 47, 99, 100, 102 Language maintenance, 18, 20 Institute of Brunei Technical Education, 14 Language policy, 1, 5, 30 Institut Teknologi Brunei (ITB), 14, 61 Language shift, 3, 17, 19, 21, 24, 136 Intelligibility, 2, 3, 42, 43, 46, 50, 53, 104, 111, Laughter, 80 112 Law, 3, 4, 133, 136, 137, 139, 147, 258, 261, International Monetary Fund (IMF), 268 270 Internet, 34, 187–189, 191, 198, 247, 269, 273 Lecturers, 4, 12, 98–102, 104–106, 108–112, Interpretability, 43 114–117 282 Index Leech’s Politeness Maxims, 172, 178 Misunderstandings, 3, 43, 45–48, 50, 51, 53, Legal jargon, 137, 151 54 Lenition, 49, 57 Mitigating, 170 Let-it-pass strategy, 45 Models of pronunciation, 100 Lexical aspect, 76, 77, 83, 85, 89, 92 Mode Seram, 247, 248 Lexical stress, 42 Modesty Maxim, 169, 175, 177, 182 Lexis, 5, 19, 36, 47, 51, 201, 203, 205, Mohd Salleh, 244 207–209, 273 Monolinguals, 20, 25, 30, 135, 144, 150, 188, Limbang, 9 191, 192 Lingua franca, 11, 12, 15, 18, 20, 41, 42, 126, Monophthongs, 41, 50, 58–60, 63–66, 70, 72 132, 133 Morphology, 83 Lingua Franca Core (LFC), 42 Mother tongue, 25, 35, 101, 112, 274 Linguistic competence, 99, 113 Motivation, 108 Linguistic divide, 14 Multilingualism, 1, 29, 126, 189 Linguistic Landscape (LL), 2, 3, 29–31, 37 Murut, 9, 11–13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 259 Literacy rates, 254 Literature, 2, 5, 6, 242–246, 249, 263, 273 N Lun Bawang, 9, 12, 17 Nasal codas, 51, 59, 63 L-vocalisation, 48 National Education Policy, 270 Nation-building, 18 M Native speakers, 42, 98, 99, 104, 171 Ma’had Islam Brunei, 259 Nativization, 192 Magistrates’ Court, 6 Negative face, 168, 171 Malayicization, 18 Nepal, 128 Malay language, 10, 11, 14, 18, 20, 30, 214, Netspeak, 189, 198 221, 242, 243, 247–249, 254, 257, 259, Neutral tone, 57, 64 262, 263, 270, 273, 276 Newspapers, 5, 12, 203, 211, 213, 214, 220, Malay literature, 2, 14, 242–246, 249, 263, 273 222, 248, 273 Malay-medium education, 13 New York Times, 213 Malay people, 184 New Zealand, 12, 34, 100, 126 Malaysia, 9, 11, 13, 18, 50, 103, 125, 128, 130, Non-acceptance of praise, 169, 178, 179 135, 137, 144, 171, 207, 213, 223, 234, Noncount nouns. See Uncount nouns, 43, 195 244, 256, 274 Non-native speaker, 42, 97, 98, 99, 102, 104, Maldives, 44 117 Mandarin, 3, 12, 44, 57, 59–63, 66, 69, 70, 72, Non-verbal communication, 135, 148 73, 170, 263 Masih, 75, 83, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 226, 231 O Matrix language, 194 Official language, 11, 30, 34, 75, 136, 143 Maxim of Agreement, 169 Oil and gas, 12, 125, 268, 275 Maxim of Sympathy, 169, 178 Oman, 44 Media Permata (MP), 5, 211, 212, 214, 219, Omar Ali Saifuddin III, 10 221, 223 Online texts, 191 Medium of instruction, 5, 100, 256, 259, 262 Organisation of the Islamic Conference, 10 Medium